Term
| The upper respiratory tract is made up of what 7 parts? |
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Definition
| Nares, nasal cavities, nasal conchae, nasal mucosa, pharynx, eustachian tube, and the sinuses. |
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Term
| What is a word that describes speech? |
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Definition
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Term
| What blocks food from entering the trachea? |
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Definition
| Epiglottis (covers the glottis) |
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Term
| What are the 8 functions of the airways? |
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Definition
| Filtering, warming, humidifying, turbulent precipitation, sneeze reflex, gag reflex, cough reflex, and swallow reflex. |
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Term
| The lower respiratory tract is made up of what three parts? |
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Definition
| Larynx, tracheobronchial tree, and the trachea. |
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Term
| The sharp point present where one airway branches into two is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the three types of cells in the trachea and their function. |
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Definition
Basal cells- Divide to replace cells
Goblet cells- secrete mucous
Ciliated cells- propel mucous |
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Term
| Where does gas exchange not take place in the airways (from what to what)? What generation is this? What is the width at the end? How much anatomical dead space is there? |
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Definition
-Nose to terminal bronchioles (conducting airways)
-Generation 16
-0.6-1mm
-150 mL |
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Term
| Which generations have alveoli budding off? What generations? |
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Definition
Respiratory Bronchioles
Generations 17-19 |
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Term
| What part of the airways is completely lined with alveoli? What generations? |
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Definition
Alveolar Ducts
Generations 20-22 |
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Term
| What part of the airways contains groups of alveoli? What generations? |
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Definition
Alveolar Sacs
Generation 23 |
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Term
| What regulates bronchomotor tone? What does stimulation cause? |
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Definition
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Stimulation causes constriction |
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Term
| What do vagal fibers activate on and in the airway wall? |
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Definition
| Nicotinic receptors in parasympathetic ganglia |
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Term
| What does short postganglionic fibers release and stimulate on airway smooth muscle cells? |
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Definition
Release- ACh
Stimulate- M3 Muscarinic Receptors |
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Term
| What endogenous compound causes dilation of the airways and where is it mainly released from? |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine released from adrenal medulla |
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Term
| What are three treatments of bronchoconstriction? |
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Definition
Anticholinergic Agents (atropine, scopolamine)
B2 adrenergic agonists (albuterol turbutaline)
Antiinflammatory agents (glucocorticoids) |
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Term
| What are three treatments of airway hypersecretion? |
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Definition
Belladonna alkaloids in nose, mouth, pharynx, and bronchi
Atropine/scopolamine used in preanesthetic medication |
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Term
| What may have side effects in patients with airway disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe alveoli: how many, diameter, surface area, and shape. |
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Definition
-Avg. 300 million
-0.25-0.33 mm in diamter
-Avg. 80 m^2 |
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Term
| Name the 6 things gas must pass through in the blood-gas barrier and what is its avg. thickness? |
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Definition
<0.5 um
1. Surfactant
2. Alveolar epithelium (type 1 pneumocytes)
3. Interstitium
4. Capillary endothelial cells
5. Plasma
6. Erythrocyte cell membrane |
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Term
| What type of pneumocyte secretes surfactant? What is the chemical name for surfactant? Which pneumocytes are more numerous? |
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Definition
-Type II secretes surfactant
-Dipalmitoyl lecithin
-Type II are more numerous |
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Term
| What is the rate of lymphatic drainage? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most frequent disease and what is the leading cancer killer? |
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Definition
-Respiratory infections most common diseases
-Lung cancer is leading cancer killer |
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Term
| Describe early cough diseases. |
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Definition
| Those involving the mucosa or generating secretions; localized |
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Term
| Describe early dyspnea diseases. Is dyspnea typically chronic or acute? |
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Definition
Those that interfere with gas exchange; diffuse.
Dyspnea typically chronic |
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Term
| What is caused by the inhalation of mineral or organic dust? What types of pneumoconiosis are there? |
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Definition
Pneumoconiosis
Silicosis and asbestosis |
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Term
| What are the two types of bacterial pneumonias? Describe each. |
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Definition
Lobar- involvement of entire lobe; pneumococci (90% of lobar), klebsiella, saphylococcal
Bronchopneumonia- patchy areas of involvement; usually follows bronchitis, usually threat is to the vulnerable, caused by any organism, complications common |
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Term
| What are 6 types of viral pneumonia causes? |
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Definition
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Influenza A and B
Parainfluenza
RSV
ECHO viruses
Varicella |
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Term
| Is pneumonia considered a chronic or acute cough? Bronchiectasis? |
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Definition
| Pneumonia is an acute cough and bronchiectasis is a chronic cough. |
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