Term
|
Definition
| Carry therapeutic agents to the site, contain endogenous antibacterial agents such as complement, many contain antibodies, fibrin to stop spread of inflammation |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| # neutrophils below 1500-2000 cells/uL. Occurs in people with disease that affects bone marrow (Leukemia, drug induced agranulocytosis, cyclic neutropenia, adrenocorticosteroid treatment) |
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Term
|
Definition
| less that 200cell/uL of WBCs |
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Term
|
Definition
| leukocytes less than 4000cells/uL- in adult |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most rare cause of neutropenia in patients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Intrinsic Cellular Disfunction |
|
Definition
| Leads to impaired locomotion (ie lazy leukocyte syndrome) |
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|
Term
| Defects of Leukocytic function: Extrinsic Factors |
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Definition
| drugs-corticosteroids, agents that increase cAMP levels in the cell |
|
|
Term
| What disease patients have an abnormally high level of chemotactic inactivating factors (CFI)? |
|
Definition
| Hodgkins Disease patients |
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|
Term
| Defects of Leukocytic Function |
|
Definition
| Disorders of chemotaxis and phagocytosis |
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Term
| Impaired degranulation may be a significant factor in the pathogenesis of _______________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Disorders of phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| Defective attachment due to inadequate opsonization and in complement deficiencies. |
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Term
| Chronic Granulomatous Disease |
|
Definition
| A syndrome of phagocyte oxidase deficiencies in neutrophils. Cause of repeated infections due to inability of neutrophils to kill bacteria normally. |
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Term
| The defective neutrophil in Chronic Granulomatous Disease is incapable of destroying __________ ___________ bacteria (staph) and fungi. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| In Chronic Granulomatous Disease, the neutrophil cannot make __________. |
|
Definition
| H2O2, there is no NADPH oxidase available |
|
|
Term
| Catalase negative bacteria |
|
Definition
| STREP, not major pathogens in CGD |
|
|
Term
| What organ in vulnerable to infection in CGD patients? |
|
Definition
| virtually every organ, although most frequently colonized or exposed to infectious agents are most commonly involved (ie skin, respiratory and GI tract infections) |
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|
Term
| Duration of Chronic Inflammation |
|
Definition
| Lasts longer than 2 weeks |
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|
Term
| Chronic inflammation can exist with an acute phase. True or False? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Chronic Inflammation |
|
Definition
| Dense infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages (compared to neutrophil-rich exudate of acute inflammation) |
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Term
| When a macrophage cannot protect the host from tissue damage the body forms a _____________. |
|
Definition
| Granuloma- walls off and isolates the infection |
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|
Term
| When macrophages differentiate into ____________, granuloma formation begins. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fused multinucleated macrophages that are active phagocytes- survive a few days |
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|
Term
| Granuloma associated with TB |
|
Definition
| Granuloma forms in the lungs and begins to destroy the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What are common events at the site of inflammation? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| destruction and inflammation are occuring at the same time as attempts of healing |
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|
Term
| Depending on the cause of the granuloma may have more of one type of cell. |
|
Definition
Lymphocytes: TB
Eosinophils: parasites
Neutrophils: Fungal |
|
|
Term
| Hormonal systemic manifestations |
|
Definition
| Inhibit systemic spread of inflammatory response. |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the adrenal gland to increase output of glucocorticoids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| reduce inflammation through negative feedback loop. large amounts of cause atrophy of lymph tissue, depress protein synthesis (Immunoglobulin), reduces population of WBC, influences immune response, inhibits fibroblast proliferation, inhibits healing process |
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Term
|
Definition
| regulated at a higher temperature |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pyrogens, interleukin-1 released from damaged tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an endogenous antipyretic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hastens elimination of pathogen, impairs viral replication, decreases iron and zinc and increases copper to enhance phagocytosis and production of interferon, increased action of antibiotics |
|
|
Term
| Fever is not beneficial if over _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cold state, hot state, defervenscence |
|
|
Term
| Fever is a ______________! |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in number of circulation leukocytes > 10000 cells/mm3 |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that increase WBC |
|
Definition
| strenuous exercise, sympathetic reactions, inflammation and infection |
|
|
Term
| What indicates prolonged inflammation? |
|
Definition
| large numbers of immature neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| In a viral infection, usually have increase in ____________ and a decrease in _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| once inflammation levels increase to 1000x higher, linked to CV disease, make increase uptake of LDL, can activate complement |
|
|
Term
| What is elevated in diabetes, syndrome X, aging and increase BW? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal ESR in men and women? |
|
Definition
| 1-13 mm/hr in men, 1-20 mm/hr in women |
|
|
Term
| 2 sets of biological processes called into play in healing of local injury |
|
Definition
| regeneration and repair or replacement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells are replaced by cells of the same kind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuously dividing or mitotic cell. typically called stem cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| discontinuous replicators or quiescent, mitotic cells. normally stop dividing when growth stops. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| non dividing, post mitotic cells (heart, brain) |
|
|
Term
| A scar is made of what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs when regeneration is not possible, replacement of lost tissue by a mass of connective tissue |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| highly vascularized, tissue rich in myofibroblasts, macrophages, angioblasts, and fibroblasts (lay down the collagen) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| healing by first intention, ie a paper cut or a surgical cut |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| qualitatively the same as primary healing but quantatively different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proliferative or fibroblastic phase begins 3-4 days after the initial injury |
|
|
Term
| Fibrin provides a meshwork for ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is necessary for healing to proceed? |
|
Definition
| the fibrin clot must be dissolved |
|
|
Term
| What surrounds the granulation tissue made after to fibrin clot has been dissolved? |
|
Definition
| macrophages and fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| Macrophages secrete _____________ for healing. |
|
Definition
| mediators; Fibroblast activating factor, angiogenesis factor, stimulation of epithelial cells to seal the wound, collagenase |
|
|
Term
| 2 functions of newly formed blood cells in reconstruction |
|
Definition
| provide route for scavenger cells to remove scab and tissue debris and allow influx of blood, O2 and nutrients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clot/scab is dissolved and the granulation tissue is formed to protect the wound. |
|
|
Term
| Cofactors of collagen synthesis |
|
Definition
| iron, oxygen, vitamin C, alpha-ketoglutarate |
|
|
Term
| Fibroblasts produce __________ ___________. |
|
Definition
| growth factors (cytokines) |
|
|
Term
| What is the final stage of reconstruction? |
|
Definition
| wound contraction via myofibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| 3 characteristics of the reconstructive phase |
|
Definition
| fibroblast proliferation, wpithelialization, and cellular differentiation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| also known as differentiation or remodeling, takes years to complete, scar tissue is remodeled--> avascular scar (capillaries removed) |
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Term
|
Definition
| preformed components of the immune system that react with antigens |
|
|
Term
| Foreign antigens are usually high molecular weight substances. True or Flase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Determinate groups on immunogens essential to the rxn |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small molecules that can initiate an immune response when attached to the determinate group |
|
|
Term
| Properties of the immune system |
|
Definition
| self-recognition, memory, specificity |
|
|
Term
| Key cells of the immune system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two components of the effector phase |
|
Definition
| humoral response and cell mediated response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immunoglobins are produced by _________ cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the thymus independent system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What fragment on an immunoglobin attached the antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure of Immunoglobin |
|
Definition
| 4 peptide chains, 2 heavy and 2 light, have fixed and variable portions |
|
|
Term
| What part of the Immunoglobin is biologically active? |
|
Definition
| heavy fixed portion, Fc fragment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 75%, smallest, fix complement, usually first to see on second exposure to antigen, readily enters tissues, only one to cross placental membrane |
|
|
Term
| What two types of immunoglobins activate complement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgG gives ____________ immunization to the infant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which immunoglobin has the longes half life? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgG can act as an Opsonin. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest, pentamer, first to appear in primary response to antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in secretions (breast milk, tears, saliva) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| provides surface protection, T1/2~7 days, first line of defense, prevents attachment of viruses and bacteria to epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to mast cells, basophils, responsible for many allergies |
|
|
Term
| B-system gives ______________ response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of T-system |
|
Definition
| thymus dependent, sensitized lymphocytes, delayed response, more discriminatory, reaches more sequestered areas of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytotoxic, CD4-helper, suppressor, memory cells, lymphokine |
|
|
Term
| Both B and T systems work together. True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10-15% of lymphocytes, cells do not need to be activated, enhanced by exposure to IL-2 |
|
|
Term
| Immune system works like a ______________ ______________ system. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exaggerated response against environmental antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| misdirected response against hosts own cells- lose self recognition property |
|
|
Term
| Two types of acquired immunity |
|
Definition
Active- produced after exposure to an antigen
Passive- preformed antibody |
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