Term
| What is the pH of the skin that makes it inhospitable to most bacteria? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanical barriers against infection? |
|
Definition
| tears, ciliary action, coughing, urination |
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Term
| What is your last line of defense? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What occurs once your first line of defense has been compromised? |
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Definition
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Term
| Definition/Charcteristics of Inflammation |
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Definition
| Occurs in the vascular tissue. Response is immediate, dynamic and non-specific. |
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Term
| 3 purposes of inflammation |
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Definition
| Eliminate the pathological insult, remove the damaged tissue, regenerate/repair teh damaged tissue |
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Term
| Cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation |
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Definition
| Rubor, tumor, calor, dolor, function laesa (ie reddness, swelling, heat, pain and function loss) |
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Term
| Types of chemical mediators |
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Definition
| cell-derived, plasma-derived |
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Term
| Acute Inflammatory Response |
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Definition
| Immediate nonspecific response to injury |
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Term
| Stimuli of Mast cell production |
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Definition
| uv light, chemical/physical injury, complement, immune system |
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Term
| 2 ways mast cells activate an inflammatory response |
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Definition
| degranulation of stored material and synthesis of mediators in response to stimuli |
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Term
| Preformed mast cell materials |
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Definition
| Histimine, Neutrophil chemotactic factor, and Eosinophil chemotactic factor |
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Term
| What are the 3 Histimine receptors? |
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Definition
H1- contracts smooth muscle
H2- gastric acid secretion
H3- associated with neural tissue |
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Term
| What does histimine increase in the mast cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is histimine inhibited by? |
|
Definition
| an increase in cAMP (epinephrine) |
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Term
| Neutrophil Chemotactic Factor |
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Definition
| attracts neutrophils for eventual phagocytocis-destroys pathogen |
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Term
| Eosinophil Chemotactic Factor |
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Definition
| Attracts eosinophils to the site. Controls other mediators to limit inflammation through the release of enzymes, aryl sulfatase B and histaminase. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme contained in eosinophils, degrades leukotrienes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Enzyme in eosinophils, breaks down histimine |
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Term
| What does synthesized material originate from in a mast cell? |
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Definition
| Arachidonic Acid, synthesis occurs via a Cox-1 or Cox-2 enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| Consituitive enzyme of a mast cell, plays a key role in gastric mucosal protection and renal hemodynamics. Contained mainly in platelets. |
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Term
|
Definition
| enzyme of a mast cell induced in fibroblasts, endothelial cells and macrophages by cytokines |
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Term
|
Definition
| Stimulates Cox-1 and Cox-2 |
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Term
|
Definition
| anti-inflammatory, inhibits the transcription of Cox-2 gene |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthesized in uninjured endothelial walls of blood vessels. Acts as a thromboxane antagonist. Vasodilate and inhibit platelets. Bronchiodilate. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mainly from mast cells on DP receptors. Inhibits platelet aggregation. Causes Brachioconstriction via TP receptors. |
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Term
| PGE2-Stimulatory response |
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Definition
| mainly from macrophages. Causes fever, bronchil constriction, vasodilation of arterioles, potentiates action of kinins on pain, and histimine and kinins on permeability |
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Term
|
Definition
| decreases lysosomal enzyme release, decreases histimine release (H2 receptors), decreases the macrophage activation and generation and secretion of some cytokines. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mainly from platelets, promote degranulation and aggregation of platelets, causes vasoconstriction |
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Term
|
Definition
| Similar to histimine but lasts longer, enhances airway responss to brachioconstrictors, stimulates cytokine release |
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Term
| Platelet Activating Factor |
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Definition
| Phospholipid release form other inflammatory cells and vascular endothelial cells, PMN, eosinophils, platelets and mast cells. Recruits eosinophils into bronchiol mucosa. Activates platelets. Inhibited by glucocorticoids. |
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|
Term
| What do platelets mainly produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do Vascular endothelium usually produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do macrophages usually produce? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What do mast cells normally produce? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Peptide cell regulators. Synthesized (de novo). Act locally. Act on specific high affinity receptors. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Biochemical messengers sent from one leukocyte to another. Induce response of immune cells to antigen. |
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Term
| What acts on vascular endothelial cells to stimulate Nitrous Oxide? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Inducible cytokines synthesized in response to viral stimuli. Do NOT effect infected cell. |
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Term
| What are host specific but not virus specific? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Transforming Growth Factor |
|
Definition
| Widest acting cytokine. Increases interleukin production. Works in later stages to reconstruct damages tissue. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Incrases cytokine production and phagocyte activity. Induces prostacylin synthesis in endothelial cells. Enhances angiogenesis. |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 Colony stimulating factors |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Classical, Alternate and Lecithin |
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|
Term
| Alternate Complement pathway |
|
Definition
| does not need prior contact with pathogen |
|
|
Term
| Which component of complement is central in all three pathways? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Is complement a specific or non specific mechanism of self-defense? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the proteins of complement come from? |
|
Definition
| 30 proteins from the liver |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interaction of mannose sugars on microbe (MBP), surface of bacteria and yeast |
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Term
|
Definition
| Microbial polysaccarides on bacterial surface, kinins, clotting system (bradykinin, plasmin, thrombin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| activated by antigen antibody complex |
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|
Term
| Function of Complement system |
|
Definition
| chemotactic, lyse bacteria, opsonins, vasodilate, increase permeability, anaphylatoxins |
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Term
|
Definition
| Adhere to bacteria so lymphocytes can phagocytize it |
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Term
|
Definition
| Degranulate mast cells (bind to mast cells to release its components) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A plasma protein system that forms a fibrinous exudate or meshwork at inflammation site to trap exudates, microorganisms and foreign bodies |
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Term
|
Definition
| the end product from the cascade of events in clotting |
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Term
|
Definition
| A major enzyme of clotting |
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|
Term
| Is the intrinsic or extrinsic clotting system pathway faster? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What activates the Hageman factor in the Intrinsic clotting system pathway? |
|
Definition
| Endothelial injury (blood in contact with collagen) |
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|
Term
| What does platelet and tissue damage in the extrinsic pathway activate? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of clot formation both convert_________ to ___________ to convert fibrinogen to fibrin? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Clotting system functions |
|
Definition
| Limits the spread of infection, Concentrates microorganisms and foreign bodies to areas of greatest phagocytic activity, Forms a clot to stop bleeding and to provide a framework for healing, enhances kinins |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The Break down of a clot through the generation of plasmin. Activates complement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| collagen exposure activates the hageman factor to make kallikrein which activates bradykinin (primary kinin) |
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Term
|
Definition
| stimulates nerve endings, vasodilation, vascular permeability and stimulates PAF, chemotaxis, activates complement |
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Term
|
Definition
B1- induced during inflammation
B2- main physiological effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| activates inflammatory process, stimulates mast cell degranulation |
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|
Term
| 4 Effects of Hageman Factor once activated |
|
Definition
| Activates clotting system, fibrinolytic system, Kinin system, Complement system |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasma enzymes that destroy many components of inflammation |
|
Definition
| Carboxypeptidase, Histaminases, and aryl sulfatase B |
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|
Term
| Vascular effects are all_______ effects. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During exudation blood vessels leak ___-___g% of fluid and protein, compared to ___-___g% during trasudate. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells associated with Acute Inflammation |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, basophil, platelets |
|
|
Term
| What type of marrow are neutrophils produced by? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polymorphous neutrophil- nuclei are irregularly lobed |
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of a Neutrophil? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neutrophils are classified as a _______, which contain lysosomal enzymes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enhances the binding of an antigen due to the actions of complement or AB |
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Term
|
Definition
| seen mainly in longstanding (chronic) inflammatory lesions or in allergy or in some parasitic inflammations. release peroxidase and neurotoxins to damage multicellular parasites. |
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|
Term
| Eosinophils appear __to__ days after PMN. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do eosinophils release? |
|
Definition
| some substances that neutralize some actions of basophils/mast cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| first cell type in viral infections, seen in chronic inflammation, agent of immunity, produce other mediators-cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Are monocytes granulocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When do monocytes undergo maturation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in demolition and healing process, antigen processing through the release of cytokines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytoplasmic fragments from mega karyocytes in bone marrow, live about 10 days |
|
|
Term
| Platelets degranulate to release... |
|
Definition
| serotonin, histamine, and platelet derived growth factor |
|
|
Term
| Platelets contribute to the first phase of asthma by.... |
|
Definition
| generating thromboxane and PAF |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 steps of leukocyte infiltration? |
|
Definition
margination- neutralize electronegative charge on cell surface
Pavementing- need Ca2+, TNF, LTB, IL (adhesion molecules on leukocyte, integrin, and endothelium)
Diapedesis- emigration (stepping across) |
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|
Term
| Before contraction the myosin head is ________ to the actin filament. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Before contraction sites on actin filament are covered by __________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens in order for energy to be stored in the myosin head? |
|
Definition
| ATP binds to myosin and ATPase cleaves ATP leaving ADP+Pi bound to the head. |
|
|
Term
| What happens during an action potential of a muscle cell? |
|
Definition
| Calcium is released into the sarcoplasm |
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|
Term
| What does calcium bind to in order to uncover the active actin sites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the myosin head to bend toward the arm? |
|
Definition
| myosin head binding to the active site |
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|
Term
| Once the myosin head has tilted, ATP+pi is released from the head, what causes it to detach from the active site? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ATP required to cause the separation of the myosin head from the actin filament. When there is no ATP--> state of permanent contraction |
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|
Term
| T-tubules are located directly over the ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| invagination of the sarcolemma. AP travels down t-tubule to interior of the muscle fiber. Allows for communication with extracellular space. |
|
|
Term
| How many motor end plates are there per muscle fiber? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
| longitudinal tubules and terminal cisternae |
|
|
Term
| Where is calsequestrin found and what is its purpose? |
|
Definition
| located in the lumen of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. It binds to Ca2+ ions keeping them in the ionic form reducing the driving force for them to want to exit the SR |
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|
Term
| Depolarization of the sarcolemma triggers __________ gated ion channels on the SR. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smaller, innervated by smaller nerves, more extensive blood vessel supply, more mitochondria, large amounts of myoglobin, redder in color |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| larger, extensive sr, large amounts of glycotic enzymes, less extensive blood supply, fewer mitochondria, less myoglobin, lighter in color |
|
|
Term
| Every muscle is a _________ of fast and slow twich fiber. (just have one that predominates) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ motor units are activated first to give more ______ control. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spatial summation of motor units |
|
Definition
| increase the number of motor units contracting simultaneously |
|
|
Term
| Temporal summation of motor units |
|
Definition
| Increasing the rapidity of stimulation of individual motor units |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| max amount of contraction |
|
|
Term
| 5 essential components of a reflex arc |
|
Definition
| receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector |
|
|
Term
| Myotatic reflex monitors changes in ______________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A muscle spindle is both a _________ and a ___________. |
|
Definition
| mechanoreceptor and a proprioreceptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 3-10 small specialized muscle fibers enclosed in a spindle shaped connective tissue capsule. |
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|
Term
| Intrafusal fibers have a ________ portion in the center of the fibers and regular ________ portions on each end. |
|
Definition
| noncontractile, contractile |
|
|
Term
| The central noncontractile portion of a muscle spindle is innervated by waht? |
|
Definition
| a 1a sensory nerve fibers (afferent) |
|
|
Term
| The two contractile ends of the nerve fibers are innervated by what? |
|
Definition
| the gamma-motor fibers (efferent) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Receive input from collateral axons from alpha motor neurons and 1a sensory neurons and send inhibitory input to the alpha motor neurons of antagonistic muscles, thus reducing opposing tone. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces a neurotoxin that inhibits the release of Ach subsequently shutting down the ANS and muscles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enters the body via a wound and produces a neurotoxin that blocks the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters causing muscles to contract uncontrollably. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| single-unit smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| arranged in sheets or bundles, cell membranes form gap junctions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controlled by nerve signals and rarely exhibit spontaneous contractions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actin, myosin, tropomyosin, and calmodulin (binds calcium ions) |
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