Term
| What are the 6 diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1. Characteristic symptoms
2. Social/occupational dysfunction
3. Duration
4. Schizoaffective and Mood Disorder exclusion
5. Substance/general medical condition exclusion
6. Relationship to a Pervasive developmental disorder |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristic symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1. Positive symptoms
2. Negative symptoms
3. Cognitive symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Positive symptoms are symptoms that these Schizo indiviuals have that normal people dont. What kind of characterisitcs do they show? |
|
Definition
Delusions
Hallucinations
Catatonia |
|
|
Term
| Negative symptoms of Schizo are those that normal people do have, but Schizo individuals dont. What are some examples? |
|
Definition
affective flattening
Alogia (dont talk)
Avolition (lack of motivation) |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Cognitive symptoms are |
|
Definition
1.Neologisms
2. Incoherence |
|
|
Term
| In order to have characteristic symptoms of Schizophrenia you must have 1 _____________ plus 1 more of any other symptom. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For Schizo to be diagnosed as soical/occupational dysfunction you need to have __________ or more areas of functioning markedly ______ the level achieved prior to onset. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the duration needed to dianose someone with Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
| At least 6 months including at least 1 month of positive symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: To be diagnosed with Schizophrenia you have to rule ourt Schizoaffective Disorder and Mood Disorder wiht psychotic features. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: To diagnose someone with Schizophrenia, you dont have to rule out physiological effects of a drug or medical condition. |
|
Definition
False.
You do have to rule these effects. |
|
|
Term
| If there is a history of social disorders then to diagnose Schizophrenia, ____________ symptoms must be present for at least __________. |
|
Definition
Characteristic symptoms
1 month |
|
|
Term
| What is the incidence of Schizophrenia world-wide? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the age of onset for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
In the late teens or early 20s.
The peak onset 18-25 |
|
|
Term
| What is the % of suicide rate for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the established risk factors for Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1. Genetics
2. Gestational/ Birth complications
3. Winter Birth
4. Early history of ADHD |
|
|
Term
| If you have a first degree relative with Schizophrenia then what is your % risk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If both your parents have Schizophrenia then what is % risk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you are dizygotic twin ______; Monozygotic twins your % risk is ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of gestational and or birth complications can lead to Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: There is an excess of summer births among schizophrenics! |
|
Definition
| False; it is winter births |
|
|
Term
| True/ False: If you have an early history of ADHD you are at a greater risk for Schizophrenia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the positive symptoms of Schizophrenia? |
|
Definition
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Disorganized speech/formal thought disorder
4. Disorganized/ bizarre/ catatonic behavior |
|
|
Term
| If someone has positive symptoms for Schizophrenia there said to have this kind of Schizophrenia: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the Negative symptoms of Schizophrenia. |
|
Definition
1. Alogia (dont talk)
2. Affective blunting (no emotion)
3. Anhedonia (no pleasure)
4. Avolition/amotivational
5. Asocial
(-) = A.A.A.A.A |
|
|
Term
| Those who have negative symptoms of Schizophrenia then they are said to have this type: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the Cognitive Defects associated with Schizophrenia. |
|
Definition
1. Tangentiality
2. Loss of goals
3. Incoherence
4. Looseness of associations (word salad)
5. Neologisms |
|
|
Term
| The brains of peeps with Schizo, there is a ____________ in nueornal size in corticolimbic structures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fill in the blank: In the brain of Schizo peeps, there is a slight reduction in the _______________ ____________ ________ ____________ |
|
Definition
| Neocortical gray matter volume. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Schizo peeps have ventricular enlargement. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: There is a decreased metabolic activity in prefrontal cortex. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Dopamine Hypothesis states what 2 things? |
|
Definition
1. That the Mesolimbic has excess DA which causes positive psychotic symptoms.
(increase in the NAc)
2. The Mesocortical has a deficiet in DA which is involved in negative symptoms and cognitive defects.
(decrease in Pre-frontal Cortex) |
|
|
Term
| The Glutamate Hypothesis states that the loss of _________ receptors mimic ____________ and _____________. |
|
Definition
1. NMDA
2. Negative symptoms
3. Cognitive defects |
|
|
Term
| Schizophrenia is due to an imbalance of D2, D3 and D4 receptors. Which NTs is responsible for this imbalance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For someone to be diagnosed with depression/affective disorders you must have ____________ for at least __________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some symptoms of major depression? |
|
Definition
1. Depressed mood (irrability in teens)
2. Anhedonia
3. Weight gain or loss
4. Insomnia or hypersomnia
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation
6. Fatigue/ loss of energy
7. Feeling worthlessness or unfounded guilt
8. Indecisive, unable to think or concentrate
9. Recurrent thoughts of death/ suicide. |
|
|
Term
| What are the risk factors involved for depression? |
|
Definition
1. Women are 2x more likely
2. There is 1.5-3x risk with positive family history
3. Martial status (Separated/ divorced males have higher rates; married males have lower rates. Married females = higher rates)
4. There is an increased risk 6 months postpartum
5. There is increased risk with negative life events and early parental death. |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of Bipolar? And is there a genetic component? |
|
Definition
1.5 % worldwide, Males = females rates
If you have a first degree relative you have a 10% chance, but monozygotic twins have 80%. So there is a genetic component. |
|
|
Term
| Bipolar Disorder is the alternation of ________ and ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unipolar Disorder involves cycles of ____________ only. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unipolar Disorder can be ____________, _______________ or ______________. |
|
Definition
Atypical
Melancholic
Dysthymia |
|
|
Term
| You are diagnosed with Atypical unipolar is you have ___________ and _____________. |
|
Definition
Hypersomnia (sleep alot)
Overeat |
|
|
Term
| Melancholic Unipolar disorder deals with _______ and __________. |
|
Definition
Insomnia (sleep too little)
Anorexia (eat too little) |
|
|
Term
| Dysthymia Unipolar disorder has milder symptoms that last more than ____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is depression that occurs |
|
Definition
during the winter months.
It usually occurs in the Northerns because they have a disregulation of melatonin and get less light. |
|
|
Term
| True/False: Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder is a Major Affective disorder. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the criteria for manic episode? |
|
Definition
| A distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated or irritable mood with at least 3 symptoms. |
|
|
Term
| What are the symptoms for manic episodes? |
|
Definition
1. inflated self esteem or grandiosity
2. More talkative or pressure to keep talking
3. Subjective feelings that thoughts are racing
4. Distractability
5. Increased goal-directed behavior
6. Psychomotor agitation
7. excessive involvement in risky activities.
8. Mood disturbances so severe that cause marked impairment in occupational or social functioning or hospitalization to prevent harm to self or others. |
|
|
Term
| Some pathophysiologic Mechanisms for Unipolar Depression are: |
|
Definition
1. Monoamine deficiency theory
2. Receptor regulation or coupling defects
3. Faulty signal transduction mechanisms
4. Alterations in nueronal growth factor production
5. Neurokinin Hypothesis |
|
|
Term
| Most drugs used for Depression are uptake inhibitors that increase the levels of __________ and ___________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patients who are suicide victims with major depression have increased ____________ somatodendritic autoreceptors and __________ postsynaptic receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Neurokinin hypothesis is a defect in ___________ or ____________ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the Hypothalamic- pituitary- adrenal axis about 1/2 the patients with depression exhibit ___________________ that abates when mood normalizes-- this is a clear link to stress mechanisms. |
|
Definition
Cortisol Hypersecretion
(if depressed = higher CRF = higher cortisol) |
|
|
Term
| In the Hypothalamic- Pituitary- Thyroid -Axis, depressive symptoms are common with _________________, or ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In depression there is a shorter ___________ to REM and an ________ REM duration. |
|
Definition
Latency
increased
(REM occurs earlier and lasts longer) |
|
|
Term
| True/False: If you have major depression, sleep deprivation can result in a transient improvement in mood. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Addiction can be classified by its ____________, _____________ and _____________. |
|
Definition
1. Tolerance
2. Physical dependence
3. Abuse Liability |
|
|
Term
| Addiction tolerance is when you |
|
Definition
| have to increase the dose in order to produce the original response. |
|
|
Term
| What types of Addiction tolerance are there? |
|
Definition
1. Dispositional
2. Functional
3. Learned
4. Cross tolerance
5. Reverse tolerance - sensitization |
|
|
Term
| Dispositional Tolerance in addiction Changes the drugs ________________ which means there is a ____________ concentration at the site of action. |
|
Definition
Pharmacokinetics
lower
(there is an increase in excretion, decrease in absorption or increase in metabolism) |
|
|
Term
| Functional tolerance in addiction changes a body's _____________ to the drug, which means the concentration is the ____________ at the site of action. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Learned tolerance is environmentally dependent . The brain has conditioned responses linked to environmental cues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: Cross tolerance occurs when a different drug is used but is still in the same class as the other. Ex: Alcohol and Barbituates. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Reverse Tolerance is aka _____________, which means the more you take of the drug the ________ its effect.
An ex: is cocaine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addicts with Physical dependence, they __________________________ |
|
Definition
| must take the drug to prevent withdrawal. |
|
|
Term
| In dealing with addiction, what is abstinence syndrome? |
|
Definition
| It is the opposite of initial drug effects and its severity is often determined by pharmacokinetics. it is probably based on pharmacodynamic tolerance. If you decreaes the half life you have worse abstinence. |
|
|
Term
| Abuse liability leads to _________________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In addiction, Abuse liability depends on ___________, ___________ and _____________. |
|
Definition
the agent
the user
the environment |
|
|
Term
| In addiction, reinforcing effects in the agents increase |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False: The pharmacokinetic variable is not important in addiction. |
|
Definition
| False; the route, onset, and duration is very important in the pharmacokinetic. |
|
|
Term
| If you have an opiate _______ binds on ________ and shuts off inhibition, which leads to excess DA release. |
|
Definition
|
|
