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| The Portuguese diplomat who negotiated trade issues with the emperor Qianlong |
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| ultimate goal was to win converts |
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| Restored native rule to China after the Yuan dynasty collapsed [after kicking out Mongols] created a centralized, bureaucratic state, constructed the great wall of china. Main priority to reassert China's dominant role in East Asia. |
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| imperial officials who oversaw implementation of government policies throughout China in the Ming Dynasty from the Forbidden City |
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| the emperor who launched a series of naval expedition that went into east Africa; moved the capital to keep closer watch on Mongols and other nomadic peoples in the North. |
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| Pastoral nomads that invaded from the north, allied with an army loyal to the Ming, crushed the rebels, and recovered Beijing for themselves. founders of the Qing dynasty, proclaimed it pure. |
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| Pure dynasty founded by the Manchu, Qianlong led the height of the dynasty. wealthy and well organized |
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| Most popular emperor of the Manchu, most famous for being an enlightened ruler who looked after the welfare of his subjects. |
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| The name given to the emperor. was said to be the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth. Led a privileged life with the walls of the Forbidden City |
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| The name given to the emperor. was said to be the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth. Led a privileged life with the walls of the Forbidden City |
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| The name given to the emperor. was said to be the human being designated by heavenly powers to maintain order on earth. Led a privileged life with the walls of the Forbidden City |
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| well educated & highly literate men known as scholar gentry in charge of day to day governance, helped the emperor rule |
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| the elite education system, molded the personal values and concentrated on Confucian classics and neo-Confucian commentaries. the way way scholar bureacrats were chosen |
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| implies the duties of children to their parents and also loyalty of subjects toward the emperor and stated that the father was the head of the household |
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| A custom that involved tightly constrained & deformed by strips of linen, bound feet could not grow naturally and so would not support the weight of an adult woman. sign of wealth. |
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| The most prominent architect of neo Confuciansism; systematized Neoconfucian ideas, that were spread by elite education system. |
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| military governor, ruled Japan whereas the emperor only ruled as a figurehead. they sought to lay a foundation for long-term political and social stability by promoting conservative values and tightly restricting foreign influence in Japan. |
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| military leaders who brought about the unification of Japan. main goal was to prevent the return of civil war |
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| powerful territorial lords who ruled mos of Japan from their vast, hereditary landholdings that were independent, maintained a government, judiciary system, education. |
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| Alternate Attendance Policy |
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| used by the Tokugawa shoguns to control the Japanese nobles. |
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| Japanese viewed their people as superior and glorified the supposed purity of Japan before China's teachings. |
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| the term that refers to the entertainment and pleasure districts of large Japanese cities. |
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| A small number of Japanese scholars learned Dutch to communicate with the foreigners. Their studies brought considerable knowledge of the outside world to Japan and lifted bans and some of the restrictions Japan had |
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-the most famous of the Mughal monuments & one the most prominent Islamic edifices.
sumptuous mosque and tomb built by Shah Jahan in memory of his wife and symbolizing his Islamic faith. symbolized the day when Allah would cause the dead to rise and undergo judgement. |
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| 1st Islamic empire that lasted the longest. |
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| founder of the Ottoman dynasty; the chief of a band of semi nomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia. |
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| Muslim religious warriors who fought on behalf of the faith. the ultimate goal of Osman and his followers. |
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| soldiers "new troops" boys sent from captured land to receive special training, learn Turkish, and converted Islam. Became either administration or military. |
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| Suleyman the Magnificent [1520-1566] |
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| took Ottoman imperialism to its climax; conquered Baghdad and added the Tigris and Euphrates valleys to the Ottoman domain. Also led the Ottomans to become a major naval power. |
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| shah Ismail's, followed a form of Shiism [Twelver Shiism] taht appealed to the nomadic Turkish tribes who were moving into the area. |
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| held that there had been 12 religous leaders after Muhammad beginning with Ali; the 12th or hidden leader was supposedly still alive and would one day return to take power and spread the true religion. |
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| Ottomans launched a full-scale invasion of Safavid territory; The Ottomans badly damaged the Safavid state but lacked the resources to destroy it; |
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| Abbas the Great [1588-1629] |
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| Revitalized the Safavid empire, moved the capital to the more central location. reformed the administrative and military institutions of the empire |
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| conqueror who founded the Mughal dynasty which expanded to embrace almost all of the Indian subcontinent. |
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| was different from ther other major Islamic states because the majority of its subjects were non-Muslim. founded by Babur. |
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| Babur's grandson who created a centralized administrative structure with ministries regulating the various provinces of the empire, laid the foundation for later Mughal expansion. encouraged a syncretic religon called the "divine faith" and religious tolerance. |
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| Syncretic religion that focused attention on the emperor as a ruler common to all the religious, ethnic, and social groups of India. Drew most heavily on Islam and strictly monotheistic. |
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| waged a relentless campaign of expansion, broke the tolerance policy set by Akbar. demolished several famous Hindu temples and replaced them with mosques. imposed tax on Hindus. |
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| 2 products of the Columbian exchange that caught on extremely well in both Ottoman and the Safavid empires; which were shipped from the Americas |
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| special tax and loyalty from the conquered peoples who didnt convert to Islam. [allowed them to obtain a status of protected people] |
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| autonomous religious communities retained their own civil laws, traditions, and languages in the Ottoman empire. |
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| the Ottoman took particular pride in this city which quickly revived after conquest and became a bustling prosperous city of more than a million people. |
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Safavid city where the capital was built. One of the most precious jewels of Urban architectural development.
Buildings were relatively small and emphasized natural settings. open to emphasize visibility and accessibility. |
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| a particularly serious threat came in Arabia, which denounced the Ottomans as dangerous religious innovators who were unfit to rule. |
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| An English Philosopher who regarded government as a contract between rulers and ruled. |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| July 4, 1776, continental congress adopted this document then titled "The unanimous Declaration of the 13 united states of America"-- drew inspiration from John Locke. declared them free and independent states. |
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| "the old order" French Revolutionary leaders sought to replace it with new political, social,and cultural structures. |
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| an assembly that represented the entire french population through 3 groups |
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| consisted of the Roman Catholic clergy |
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| the rest of the population |
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a royal jail and arsenal
-the Parisian crowd searched the arsenal in search of weapons to defend themselves from what they feared would be a royal crackdown on supporters of the Assembly |
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| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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| a broad program of political and social reform, reflecting the influence of American revolution; it proclaimed the equality of all men, declared that sovereignty resided in the people ans asserted individual rights. |
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| a trained lawyer, characterized as ruthless and known as the Incorruptible. dominated the Committee of Public Safety, the executive authority of the Republic. |
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| radical party that dominated the convention. believed passionately that france needed a complete restructuring and they unleashed a campaign of terror. |
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| young general who put an end to the directory by staging a coup d'etat and seizing power; created a civil code. supported the revolution, approved the enlightenment and brought political stability to france. |
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| a body of civil law, which helped to stabilize French society. affirmed the political equality of all adult men. |
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| 1815, British army took over and defeated Napoleon Bonaparte to the island of St. Helena where he eventually died of natural causes 6 years later. |
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| free people of color, started the revolt. |
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| leader who helped slave force overcome white settlers. |
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| parish priest that led a peasant revolt and rallied indigenous peoples and mestizos against colonial rule. |
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| Creole elite who led the movement for independence; goal was to weld former spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the U.S. |
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| believed that social change, if necessary at all, must be undertaken gradually and with respect for tradition |
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| English philosopher, condemned radical revolutionary change which he though would only lead to anarchy [strong conservative] |
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| viewed change as the agent of progress |
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| English political philosopher who championed the Enlightenment values of freedom and equality [liberal] |
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| Elizabeth Cady stanton, organized a conference of feminists who met; the conference passed 12 resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant women the right to vote, to attend public schools, to enter professional occupations, and to participate in public affairs. |
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| a political movement that holds that Jewish people constitute a nation and have the right to their own national homeland. |
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| Meeting of Reps from Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia attempted to restore the pre-Revolutionary order. Under Prince Klemens von Metternich, congress dismantled Napoleons empire. |
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| the unification of Italy came about when he teamed up with nationalists advocates of independence. |
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| refers to an economy distinguished by industry and machine manufacture. |
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| created the most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era, the general purpose steam engine |
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| created a refine blast furnace in 1856, known as Bessemer converter to produce large quantities of steel cheaply. |
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| became the characteristic method of production in industrial economies. led to centralized locations because the machinery was too big and expensive for home use. |
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| Eli Whitney's technique that involved using machine tools to produce large quantities |
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| a private business owned by many investors who financed the business though the purchase of stocks representing shares in the company. |
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| Monopolistic practices; aimed to control the supply of a product and hence its price in the marketplace. |
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| would dominate all facets of a single industry; for example John D Rockefeller |
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| tried to eliminate competition, sought to ensure the prosperity of their members by absorbing competitors, fixing prices, regulating production, or dividing up markets. |
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| social change in the 19th century in industrialized lands, population increased, fertility decreased, and demographic stability. |
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| an economic system in which production and distribution of goods are controlled by the people and not the capitalists. |
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| Most prominent German socialist who thought that capitalism divided people into two main classes: capitalists & proletariats. Believed that intense competition between capitalists resulted in ruthless exploitation of the working class. |
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| Communist Manifesto [1848] |
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| Said that the future lay within the working class, who must form a dictatorship over the capitalists and destroy them. Written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. |
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| Factory wage workers who only had their labor to sell, according to Karl Marx |
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| struggled to improve workers lives by seeking higher wages & better working conditions for members. reduced the likelihood of proletariat revolution. |
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| emancipated the serfs partly with the intention of creating a mobile labor force for emerging industries, and tsarist government encouraged industrialization as a way of strengthening the Russian empire. |
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| Emancipation of the Serfs |
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| the key to social reform in Russia |
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| Oversaw construction of the trans-Siberian railroad, & he worked to push Russian industrialization by reforming commercial law, protecting infant industries, supporting steamship companies, & promoting nautical engineering schools. Led to an enormous amount of coal and iron industries. |
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| returned authority to the Japanese emperor and marked the birth of a new Japan. Determined to gain equality strength and prosperity. |
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| financial cliques, where power rest in the hands of a small number. The cause of the government selling most of its enterprises to private investors who had close ties to government officials. |
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