Term
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Definition
Nucleus-single circular chromosomes
lacks histones
Ex: cyanobacteria, bacteria, and rickettsiae |
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Term
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Definition
complex cellular organization
-membrane-bound organelles
-well-defined nucleus
-ex: higher animals, plants, fungi, protozoa, and algae |
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Term
| What does the nucleus in the eukaryotic cell consist of ? |
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Definition
-nuclear envelope
-nucleolus
-DNA ( dna replication, repair, and transcription
-histone proteins
-cell division |
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Term
| What does the eukaryotic cytoplasm consist of ? |
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Definition
cytoplasmic matrix
-cytosol
-function
-cytoplasmic organelles |
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Term
| What are two eukaryotic organelles? |
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Definition
| ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| -site of protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
-RNA protein
-free ribosomes
-attached ribosomes |
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Term
| what does the Golgi complex consist of ? |
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Definition
flattended, smooth membranes
-secretory vesicles
-proteins from the ER are packaged in the Golgi complex
-cisternae |
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Term
| What are lysosomes and where do they come from? |
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Definition
originate from the golgi and catalyze proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates
-role in autodigestion |
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Term
| what are peroxisomes? Are they located in Eukaryotic orgganelles or Prokaryotic? |
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Definition
| they are located in eukaryotic organelles and they contain oxidative enzymes and break substances down into harmless products |
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Term
| What is the mitochondria? |
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Definition
-located in eukaryotic organelle
-surrounded by a double lipid bilayer membrane
-participates in oxidative phosphorylation
-increased inner membrane surface area provided by cristae |
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Term
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Definition
they are cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins, shaped like octagonal barrels
-cellular trucks
-located in eukaryotic organelles |
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Term
| What are considered the bones and muscles of the cell? List some other important characteristics. |
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Definition
cytoskeleton
-maintains the cell's shape and internal organization
-permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections
-microtubules (centrioles)
-microfilaments |
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Term
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Definition
| -controls the composition of a space or compartment they enclose |
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Term
| what does the structure of the plasma membrane consist of? |
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Definition
- caveolae
-lipids
-carbohydrates
-proteins???? |
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Term
| what do the lipids consist of? |
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Definition
amphipathic lipids
-phospholipids, glycolipids, and cholesterol |
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Term
| what are amphipathic lipids? |
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Definition
| hydrophilic and hydrophobic |
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Term
| what do the carbohydrates consist of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the important proteins that are important to the plasma membrane? |
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Definition
| -integral, peripheral, transmembrane |
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Term
| what are integral proteins? |
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Definition
| embeded in plasma membrane |
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Term
| what are transmembrane proteins? |
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Definition
| extracellular thru intracellular |
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Term
| what are peripheral proteins? |
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Definition
| allow extracellular space |
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Term
| What are the types of cellular receptors? |
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Definition
ligands
plasma membrane receptors |
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Term
| Look at cell-to cell adhesions |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the types of cell junctions? |
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Definition
| desmosomes, tight junctions, gap junctions...considered a type of cell-to-cell adhesion |
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Term
| Refer to cellular communication |
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Definition
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Term
| what types of chemical signaling exist? |
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Definition
| hormonal,neurohormonal, paracrine, autocrine autostimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| hormones released from neurosecretory neurons into blood |
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Term
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Definition
| secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly taken up, destroyed or immobilized |
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Term
| what is autocrine-autostimulation? |
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Definition
| components of normal growth |
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Term
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Definition
-secreted by neurons
-fast travel to chemical synapses |
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Term
| look at signal transduction |
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Definition
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Term
convey instructions to the cell's interior
(transfer, amplify, distribute, and modulate) |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are the types of signal transduction? |
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Definition
extracellular messengers
-channel regulation
-second messengers |
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Term
| what are the two pathways for second messengers? |
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Definition
-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)
-Ca++ |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical tasks of maintaining essential cellular functions |
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Term
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Definition
| build up something-(enery using) |
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Term
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Definition
| break down (enery releasing) |
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Term
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Definition
-used in synthesis of organic molecules, muscle contraction, and active transport
-stores and transfers energy
-created from the chemical energy contained within organic molecules |
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Term
| what are some important components of cellular enenrgy or examples? |
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Definition
-digestion
-glycolysis
-citric acid cycle
-oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs in the cytoplasm
-anaerobic |
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Term
| what is an alternative name or names for citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| -Krebs cycle or tricarboxylic acid |
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Term
| what is oxidative phosphorylation? |
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Definition
-occurs in the mitochondria
-aerobic glycolysis (citric acid cycle)
-requires ATP |
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Term
| what is passive transport? |
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Definition
| net movement of molecules and ions across a membrane from higher to lower concentration( down a concentration gradient) does not require metabolic enery. |
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Term
| what does passive transport include? |
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Definition
| simple diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion |
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Term
| What is active transport? |
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Definition
| net movement across a membrane that occurs against a concentration gradient (to the region of higher concentration). |
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Term
| what does active transport require? |
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Definition
| expenditure of ATP and involves specific carrier proteins |
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Term
| what is resting membrane potential? |
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Definition
| -inside of cell is negatively charged in comparison to the outside of cell (ex: in neurons usually is -70mv) |
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Term
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Definition
| a return to resting membrane potential |
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Term
| If stimulation causes the inside of the cell to become more negative than the resting membrane potential, the oscilloscope will deflect downward. this is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| If appropriate stimulation causes positive charges to flow into the cell, the line will deflect upward. this is called what? |
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Definition
| depolarization (hypopolarization) |
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Term
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Definition
| cell division in which the two daugter cells receive the same number of chromososomes as the parent cell (both daughters and parent are diploid) |
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Term
| Is G2 phase longer or shorter than G1? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
interphase(g1,s, g2)
-mitosis (pmat-prophase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase)
-cytokinesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what are some influences on the cell cylce? |
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Definition
| cellular division rates and growth factors |
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Term
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Definition
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