Term
| What is the concept of normalcy? |
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Definition
| Being within certain limits that define the range of normal functioning. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Is getting hit by a car an extrinsic factor for disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is smoking an intrinsic factor for disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The decrease or shrinkage in cellular size. Side note: If atrophy occurs in a sufficient number of an organ's cells, the entire organ shrinks or becomes atrophic. |
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Term
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Definition
| An increase in the size of cells and consequently in the size of the affected organ. Side note: The cells of the heart and kidneys are particularly responsive to enlargement. |
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Term
| Whether cells display atrophy or hypertrophy, what are the substances that make up the difference in size? |
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Definition
| Endoplasmic reticulum, myofilaments, and mitochondria. |
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Term
| What term refers to an increase in the number of cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of the type of cells that are not able to be involved in hyperplasia, and what actions can these cells still do? |
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Definition
| myocardial fibers, but they can still hypertrophy and atrophy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells. |
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Term
| Explain the concept of disease. |
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Definition
| It is when tissue acts in an exacerbated fashion, when cells begin to act out of the range of their "normal", or A deviation in a structure or function of the body that prevents the maintenance of homeostasis. |
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Term
| Can injured cells recover or must they die? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain how cells under attack adapt. |
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Definition
| Since cells don't like quick changes, they adapt slowly, and compensate for the change or abuse. |
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Term
| What is another term for degenerative changes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the most coommon forms of cellular degenerative changes? |
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Definition
| The accumulation of water in the cytoplasm, or the accumulation of fat in the cytoplasm. |
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Term
| What three organs of the body does fat accumulate? |
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Definition
| liver, heart, and kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is coagulative necrosis? |
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Definition
| Dead tissue that has kept it's architecture. e.g. frost bitten toe |
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Term
| What is liquefactive necrosis? |
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Definition
| Dead tissue that turns liquid |
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Term
| What is caseous necrosis? |
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Definition
| A cavity forming death process, with the combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| Coagulative necrosis with a bacterial infection. |
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Term
| The calcifying of tissue that is not wanted is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| muscle stiffening after death |
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Term
| What do we call the cooling of the body postmortem? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The pooling of the blood postmortem. |
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Term
| Congenital diseases are... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| It is the outward appearance of an individual, which is the result of both the genotype and environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenylketonuria....an infant who has the inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine. |
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Term
| What are three things notorious for causing mutations? |
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Definition
| radiation, some chemicals, and viruses |
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Term
| What causes mono and a specific type of leukemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| In PKU, what happens to the person? |
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Definition
| Since the liver lacks the enzyme for the matabolism of phenylalanine into tyrosine, an accumulation of phenylalanine is the result. What is noticed is the delay of or absence of the mylenation of nerve cells. Also, fat accumulates in the brain and in the central nervous system, which gets in the way, so we see a higher incidence of mental retardation. |
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Term
| Which amino acid can't people with albuminism break down? |
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Definition
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Term
| What results from Albuminism? |
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Definition
| Albinism, or People with very little pigment. Higher incidence of skin cancer, glaucoma, and cataracts. |
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Term
| What is Glycogen Storage Disease? |
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Definition
| When an individual can't store glycogen in the body. They tend to be underweight and hypoglycemic. |
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Term
| What two diseases are predominantly in the jewish culture? |
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Definition
| Tay-Sachs and Gauche Disease |
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Term
| Vitamin A deficiencies cause what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin D deficiencies cause what? |
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Definition
| Poor calcification of skeleton and teeth |
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Term
| What is the name for the process by which White cells are drawn to the area of infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is gramulomatous inflammation? |
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Definition
| Inflammatory process in which the body tries to repair the wound or situation but can't. e.g. piece of foresepts in the body. This causes nodules from left over scare tissue. |
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Term
| What is the major importance of vitamin K and where is this substance made by the body? What makes it? |
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Definition
| Coagulation of the blood. In the intestines. E. Coli bacteria |
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Term
| What vitamin deficiency causes beri beri? Who is at the biggest risk for this disease? |
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Definition
| Thiamine B1. Alcoholics and individuals with eating disorders. |
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Term
| What happens when there is a deficiency of B1? |
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Definition
| Pyruvic Acid cannot go into the citric acid cycle and it accumulates |
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Term
| What vitamin plays a role in neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
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Term
| What vitamin shares similar characteristics as nicotine? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamin deficiency will cause problems with the oral cavity? |
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Definition
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Term
| The best way to understand the concept of "normal" vs. "abnormal" s to see them as two points on a.... |
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Definition
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Term
| The process of assigning a cause to a disease is called.... |
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Definition
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Term
| Depriving the body of nutrition or oxygen causes what type of cellular injury? |
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Definition
| Oxygen deficiency...Malnutrition |
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Term
| Disrupting the cell to cell relationship is what type of cellular injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disruption of the cell by bacteria, viruses, or parasites is what type f cellular injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| Disruption of the cells by environmental toxins is what type of cellular injury? |
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Definition
| chemical.....workplace toxins |
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Term
| A self eating process during which enzymes digest portions of the cell contained within cytoplasmic vacoules is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| Liquified necrosis is only seen in brain tissue? t or f |
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Definition
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Term
| Pulmonary necrosis is an example of what type of necrosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| When cells die, the living cells surrounding them respond to chemical changes by delivering fluid and cellular components. The term for this is... |
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Definition
| Acute inflammatory reaction |
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Term
| What are the two things that can go wrong with chromosomes? |
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Definition
| Abnormal structure and abnormal number |
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Term
| When abnormal chromosome is the direct cause of a disease this is called.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Familial disease means it is genetic. T or F |
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Definition
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Term
| Can radiation alter genetic structure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hemophilia is an example of which type of disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| A third degree burn effects which layer of skin? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four common categories of cellular injury? |
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Definition
| physical, living agents, chemical, and oxygen deficiency |
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Term
| What is autophagocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain the relationship between cellular death and acute inflammatory reactions. |
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Definition
| acute inflammotory reaction is designed to prevent cellular death |
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Term
| Name a congenital disease. |
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Definition
| Down's syndrome....anything that is given within the womb. |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of the chromosomal makeup of cells, their normal functions, and any deviation from that norm |
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Term
| What is deficient or totally absent in PKU? |
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Definition
| an enzyme from the liver that converts phenyalinine into tyrosine. |
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Term
| What happens if PKU progresses? |
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Definition
| Lots of times it results in mental retardation due to myelin sheath complications |
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Term
| Does an individual with glycogen storage disease typically look hypoglycemic or hyperglycemic? |
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Definition
| Hypoglycemic....remember that these people have the lack of glucose storage for the correct distribution of glucose in the blood, so they can easily have small amounts in their blood. |
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Term
| Does Tay-Sachs disease involve neurological problems or liver complications? |
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Definition
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Term
| What chromosome is problematic with down's syndrome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three characteristics of a down's patient? |
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Definition
| eye abnormalities, immune systems not up to par, and brains are smaller |
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Term
| If someone has a burn covering the back of the arm, the genitals, the front of the leg, and the upper part of the back, what percentage is burned according to the rule of nines? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the relation with each term...dolor, calor, rubor, and tumor. |
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Definition
| dolor-pain, rubor-color-redness, tumor-swelling, calor-heat |
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Term
| The movement of white cells into an area that is inflammed is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| what exudate has little protein and a lot or water? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most prevalent antibody? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which antibody is found in gammaglobulin and in secretions of exocrin glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| This antibody is found almost exclusively in infants and children? |
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Definition
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Term
| This antibody is almost exclusively found to pay a role in food allergies? |
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Definition
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Term
| This antibody is found in very small amounts in the body, unless you have allergies... |
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Definition
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Term
| Can an antigen be pollen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are fat soluble vitamins stored? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamins are toxic in large amounts? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are water soluble vitamins stored in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organ activates vitamin D? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which vitamin is needed to activate coagulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vitamin E is absorbed in the body. T or F |
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Definition
| False, only if the skin is broken does the vitamin get absorbed. |
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Term
| What vitamin is associated with beri beri? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Is it possible to be deficient in B2? |
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Definition
| No, not with how many foods contain this substance. |
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Term
| What vitamin is sometimes used to treat peripheral neuropathy in patients with TB? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Does biotin have similiar effects as nicotine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four D's associated with Niacin deficiency? |
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Definition
| Dermatitis, Diahrea, dementia, and death |
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Term
| What skin condition is caused by Niacin deficiency? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is a transfusion reaction an antigen/antibody reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| About how many different possible proteins can be attached to a single red blood cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| During a "type and crossmatch" what do we look for? |
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Definition
| To see if the donor has an antibody that the recipient has that particular antigen, and vice versa. |
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Term
| What are the chances of a blood transfusion recipient having an allergic reaction? |
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Definition
| About 100%...we only test for about 30 antigens through the "type and crossmatch" so not all get tested for, so the chances are super high....that's why we give the patient an anti-histamine. |
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Term
| Are all auto immune diseases more prevalent in men or woman? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Systemic Lupus Erythematosus |
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Term
| During SLE, what gets pulled out of the white blood cell? What is in the white blood cell that is being attacked? |
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Definition
| the nucleus.....A particular protein in the nucleus |
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Term
| What organ is gonna be compromised with SLE? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Nephrons get plugged up by what in the process of SLE? |
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Definition
| The antigen/antibody complex formed by the protein from the nucleus of the WBC and the antibody. |
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Term
| In rheumatoid what does the body find to look like an antigen? |
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Definition
| A protein in the synovial fluid |
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Term
| What happens when one losses the particular protein in the synovial fluid in rhuemotoid arthritis? |
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Definition
| The joints lose their cushion and the patient begins to have bone to bone contact, causing major inflammation. |
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Term
| What part of the body does Sjogren's Syndrome play a role? |
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Definition
| membranes of the eyes....they get very dry |
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Term
| Are viruses composed of both RNA or DNA or both? |
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Definition
| They are only composed of either RNA or DNA, never both....this is why we don't consider them to be alive. |
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Term
| What percentage of all the bacteria in the known universe cause problems for humans? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What percentage of viruses in the known universe can cause problems in humans? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What enzyme do all viruses have? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does reverse transcriptinase do? |
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Definition
| Changes RNA to DNA, which allows the virus to incorporate itself into our DNA. |
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Term
| What does AZT, the drug for AIDS, do? |
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Definition
| It interferes with the reverse transcriptinase, not allowing the AIDS virus to go from RNA into DNA. |
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Term
| When a person has full blown aids, what percentage of lymphocytes are infected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is HIV such a clever Virus? |
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Definition
| Because it changes itself just a little every 7-10 days in order for the body not to be able to eradicate it. |
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Term
| Explain the difference in Heterographs, autographs, isographs, and homographs. |
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Definition
Heterographs are between different species
Autographs are from one part of the body to the other. Isographs are between identical twins. Homographs are between the same species, but have different genetics. |
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Term
| Which two graft options never have rejection? |
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Definition
| Autographs, and Isographs |
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Term
| What is the estimated count for people having HIV? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is HIV only in vaginal, sperm, and blood cells? |
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Definition
| These cells have an exact fit for the HIV. |
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Term
| What kind of infection is Candida? Is it prevalent or uncommon amongst AIDS patients? |
|
Definition
Yeast infection...also known as thrush
It is very common in AIDS patients |
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|
Term
| What is a subclinical infectiion? |
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Definition
| An infection you got and didn't even know it.....no manifestations. |
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Term
|
Definition
| The toxin a bacteria produces along the cell wall that is distributed amongst the surrounding tissue. |
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Term
| How does the endotoxin come out of the bacteria? |
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Definition
| When the bacteria die or is punctured or tramatized. |
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Term
| Can endotoxins be just as dangerous as exotoxins? |
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Definition
| Yes, because the the endotoxins are storing toxins. If the cell is killed (example e.coli cell) it releases its toxin upon its death. It is best to remove an endotoxin gradually with a bacteriostatic, which stops the cell reproducing, thus it dies off gradually. |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All the "C." bacteria are what... Aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| herpes simplex I causes... |
|
Definition
| fever blisters and cold sores |
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|
Term
| Herpes simplex II causes... |
|
Definition
| Sexually transmitted disease...genital herpes |
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|
Term
| Infectious Mono is caused by what virus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dose of drug which induces a specific clinical effect in 50 percent of subjects? |
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Definition
| Effective dose or effective concentration |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic index? |
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Definition
| A measure of the safety of a drug; calculated by dividing the LD 50 by the ED 50. |
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Term
| The closer to "1" means that the drug is safer according to the margin of safety? T or F |
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Definition
| false, the further away the outcome is the "1" the safer it is. |
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Term
| Draw a graph on half-life resulting in a plateau....use 2 gram dosing with a half-life of a day. |
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Definition
| 1-2grams, 2-3grams, 3-3.5grams, 4-3.75, 5-3.9, 6-3.95, 7-3.975...... |
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Term
| How long does it take a drug to reach plateau if the drug is administered repeatedly in the same dose? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is peak concentration and trough concentration? |
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Definition
| Peak is the highest point on the half-life graph and the trough is the lowest point once in plateau |
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Term
| If the therapeutic range is small how do we make sure we don't make a patient either toxic or untherapeutic? |
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Definition
| infuse the drugs, depot preperation, or reduce both the size of each dose and the dosing interval. |
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Term
| Do all drugs play by the concept of half-lives? |
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Definition
| No, alcohol and some others are eliminated at a constant rate regardless of the dose. |
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