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| abnormal structural or functional change in the body |
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| medical science that deals with all aspects of disease |
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| when the immune system fails to recognize certain tissues belonging to the host and mounts immune response |
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| disease stemming from hypoxic injury, results from diminished blood flow |
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| a disease stemming from medical treatment of another disease or illness |
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| six carbon sugar and the principal energy source for the human body |
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| stored in the liver and skeletal muscle, broken down into glucose using glycogenesis when needed |
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| scale that expresses the acidity or alkalinity of a substance, ranges from 0 to 14 |
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| substance that when dissolved in water produces a change in Ph |
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| partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood |
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| sense changes in the CO2 levels in the blood |
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| excess of acids in the body |
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| abundance of bases in the body |
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| respiratory acid-base disorders |
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| respiratory acidosis (caused by cardiac arrest, respiratory failure/arrest) and respiratory alkalosis (caused by hyperventilation) |
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| metabolic (kidney) acid-base disorders |
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| metabolic acidosis (caused by a deficiency of bicarbonate in the body) and metabolic alkalosis (rare and caused by increase of bicarbonate in circulating blood) |
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| an increase in the CO2 level in the plasma |
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| the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in one minute |
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| movement of a substance from area of higher concentration to area of lower concentration |
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| the difference between the number of ions of the substance on one side of the membrane from the number of molecules on the other |
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| concentration of solutions on both sides of a membrane are equal |
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| substance is more concentrated than solution on other side of membrane |
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| substance is less concentrated than solution on other side of membrane |
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| transports sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell |
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| most abundant substance in human body, accounts for approximately 60% of overall weight, the universal solvent |
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| contains all intracellular fluid in the cells, approx 70% of water in the body |
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| extracellular compartment |
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| contains the remaining 30% of water in the body outside the cells, consists of the intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid outside of the vasculature |
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| released by the pituitary gland to cause the kidneys to reabsorb more water into the blood stream and excrete less urine |
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| force exerted on the walls of blood vessels by the contractions of the heart |
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| accumulation of water in the interstitial space, can be localized or generalized |
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| percentage of blood occupied by red blood cells |
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| isotonic electrolyte solution |
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| isotonic electrolyte solution |
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| hypotonic glucose solution in water used to keep veins open and supply glucose for cell metabolism |
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| increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ |
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| increase in the size of cells in a tissue or organ |
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| decrease in the size of cells in a tissue or organ |
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| abnormal or disordered cell growth |
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| mass of uncontrolled cell growth |
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| also known as shock, self-worsening cycle of events that is fatal if not corrected. impaired oxygen use and impaired glucose use are usual characteristics |
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| peripheral vascular resistance |
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| the pressure against which the heart must pump |
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adequate concentration of inspired oxygen
appropriate movement of oxygen across the alveolarcappilary membrane into the arterial bloodstream
adequate number of red blood cells to carry the oxygen
proper tissue perfusion
efficient offloading of oxygen at the tissue level |
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| body using special systems to attempt to reestablish a normal blood pressure during shock. increased heart rate, contractile strength, the arteriolar constriction. the spleen can expel up to 200 ml of blood into venous circulation. |
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| body is unable to restore blood pressure using special processes |
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| correction of the shock by special processes is no longer possible |
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Cardiogenic shock
Hypovolemic Shock
Obstructive Shock
Distributive Shock |
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| inability of the heart to pump enough blood to supply all body parts. usually the result of severe left sided heart failure secondary to acute MI. Can also be secondary to cardiomyopathy, rupture of the papillary heart muscles, and end stage valvular disease. Reduced blood pressure, increased heart rate, pulmonary edema and increased respirations are characteristic |
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| due to hemorrhage of bodily fluids, can be lost to interstitial space as well as lost outside the body. AMS, cool,pale,clammy skin, falling blood pressure and increased heart rate is characteristic. |
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| results from injury to the brain or spinal cord. Severe vasodilation causes relative hypovolemia due to loss of sympathetic nervous impulses. Warm,red,dry skin, low blood pressure, bradycardia are characteristic. |
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| Due to severe allergic reaction. Flushed skin, itching, hives, swelling, and breathing difficulty are characteristic. Causes massive vasodilation and can have severe airway involvement. Causes decreased blood pressure due to massive vasodilation and AMS is common. |
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| caused by infection in the bloodstream. low blood pressure, febrile temperature, AMS and elevated heart rate are characteristic. |
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