Term
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Definition
| Have valves, larger wrapping of connective tissue than arteries, have IVs placed in them, lower pressure system, thinner elastic membranes, thinner smooth muscle layer, veins are more superficial |
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Term
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Definition
| thicker elastic membranes, thicker smooth muscle layer, have more resistance than veins, produce more pressure, BP is reflection of arterial work, and arteries are deeper in body than veins |
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Term
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Definition
| Area where there is a vein juncture |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Small particles are transported how? |
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Definition
| Via movement of vesicles, openings in junctions, and crossing the cytoplasm. |
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Term
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Definition
| Vascular relaxation through vasodilators such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin and Vascular constriction via vasoconstrictors such as enothelin and angiotensin II |
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Term
| What are examples of vasodilators? |
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Definition
| Nitric oxide and prostacyclin |
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Term
| What does nitric oxide inhibit? |
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Definition
| Growth of vascular smooth muscle cells, and platelet aggregation (prevents clots from floating around in body) |
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Term
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Definition
promotes low arterial tone at rest and inhibits platelet aggregation
It also decreases inflammatory reaction by inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecules and the activity of pro-inflammatory cytokines THUS decreasing amount of monocytes/ macrophages to cell well. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits vasoconstrictive effects of angiotensin and inhibits platelet aggregation |
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Term
| Which class of endothelin is most potent? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Adhesion and aggregation of neutrophils and stimulates smooth muscle growth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where is nitric oxide secreted from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Von Willebrand Factor 8 do? |
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Definition
| increases the clotting to prevent hemorrhage and promote healing |
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Term
| What happens as factor 8 is secreted upon injury to a vessel? |
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Definition
| Nearby tissues secrete heparin to increase clot and to not allow injury to healthy tissue. |
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Term
| What happens while the clot is being further formed? |
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Definition
| breakdown of clot to prevent ischemia of tissue beyond clot is occurring so that there is not huge functional deficit |
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Term
| TPA drug is used for what kind of stroke? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is TPA not used for hemorrhagic stroke? |
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Definition
| It is used to prevent coagulation, if patient hemorrhaged, patient could bleed out. |
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Term
| When should a TPA be given? |
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Definition
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Term
| During clotting process, why do different functions happen? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does inflammation express? |
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Definition
| Adhesion molecules that allow for monocyte and neutrophils margination and diapedesis |
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Term
| What does "hand-in-hand" with the pathogenesis in vessels? |
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Definition
| Oxidized lipid proteins going into smooth muscle layer through the intima. |
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Term
| Ask mom about visiting ashton gardens during thanksgiving break |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| allows white and red blood cells to pass through the vessel walls without damage to the vessel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Force exerted on liquid per unit area |
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Term
| What factors affect blood flow? |
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Definition
| pressure, velocity, compliance, resistance |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased resistance = decreased flow, it is an opposition to force, diameter and length of the blood vessels contribute to resistance (increased length= increased resistance) and (decreased radius= increased resistance) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does turbulent flow indicate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Elastic fibers are more compliant than muscular fibers |
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Term
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Definition
| AMOUNT of blood moved per unit in time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased resistance to flow |
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Term
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Definition
| the distance blood travels in a unit of time, usually centimeters per second |
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Term
| How is velocity related to blood flow (amount of blood moved per unit of time)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The increase in volume a vessel can accommodate for given increase in pressure. |
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Term
| What does compliance depend on? |
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Definition
| The ratio of elastic fibers to muscular fibers in the vessel wall |
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Term
| When does compliance decrease? |
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Definition
| Development athrosclerosis |
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Term
| Where do we see more compliance? |
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Definition
| In arteries closer to the heart because of their elastin percentage |
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Term
| Velocity has an inverse relationship with ? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Area has a change in diameter. Diameter decreases in area of stricture. |
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Term
| How is outside of heart oxygenated? |
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Definition
| After systole the heart allows some backflow after blood is pushed into aorta for the coronary arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| heart rate and stroke volume |
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Term
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac output x total peripheral resistance |
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Term
| What happens when the HR is too low? |
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Definition
| Decrease in pressure in vessels |
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Term
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Definition
| How much blood is ejected out with each systolic cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| They are stretch sensors found in aorta and carotid sinus. They send msgs via afferent neurons and innervate cardiovascular center. |
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Term
| If baroreceptors sense more stretch in smooth muscle fibers... |
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Definition
| There will be a decrease in HR |
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Term
| If baroreceptors sense a low degree of stretch... |
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Definition
| There will be an increase in HR |
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Term
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Definition
| adjust heart rate in response to volume |
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Term
| What do chemoreceptors do? |
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Definition
| Sense osmolality of blood? |
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Term
| What happens when nerve fibers bind to Beta 1 receptors in the heart? |
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Definition
| Stimulates HR and contractility |
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Term
| Which nerve fibers exert control over whole peripheral vascular system (minus capillaries) and innervate tunica media? |
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Definition
| Nerve fibers in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal tracts |
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Term
| What do sympathetic nerve fibers release? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when norepi binds with alpha receptors? |
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Definition
| Smooth muscle contraction (vasoconstriction) |
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Term
| What happens when Beta 2 receptors are stimulated by Norepi? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What happens when nerve fibers bind to cholinergic receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Blood pressure is regulated/ maintained by? |
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Definition
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Term
| When HR is too low the baroreceptors pick up on volume changes |
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Definition
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Term
| ADH is also known as what? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| ADH is released from where? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| causes reabsorption of water from kidneys in response to increase osmolality or decreased BP |
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Term
| Adrenomedullin functions as what? |
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Definition
| vasodilator and it also regulates growth cytokines and neurotransmission |
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Term
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Definition
| Vasoconstriction and BP increase |
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Term
| When is renin release inhibited? |
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Definition
| When BP is increased or Sodium is increased |
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Term
|
Definition
| When BP goes down or sodium is down |
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Term
|
Definition
| Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Mechanism |
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Term
| Circulating renin leads to what? |
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Definition
| Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I |
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Term
| Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) does what? |
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Definition
| Converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II |
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Term
| What is Angiotensin II known for? |
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Definition
| Vasoconstricton of the arterioles. Leads to increased resistance and therefore increase in BP |
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Term
| What does Angiotensin II cause release of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What does aldosterone do? |
|
Definition
| It circulates in the kidneys and causes renal tubules to increase sodium and water reabsorption |
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Term
| Primary HTN is also known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Increased arteriole vasoconstriction... origin is unknown. |
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Term
|
Definition
| There is increased susceptibility to stimuli and increased stimulation, slight arteriole diameter decrease which could cause a MAJOR increase in peripheral resistance (increased afterload and increased diastolic pressure) |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased radius in arterioles can lead to decreased renal perfusion and an increase in renin, angiotensin, aldosertone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| Slight decrease in radius/ diameter of arteriole = |
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Definition
| MAJOR increase in peripheral resistance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Increase of age, men affected earlier and more frequently and more severely, African Americans have higher incidence, high sodium diet and excessive alcohol intake, prolonged or recurrent stress, smoking, inflammation |
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Term
| What happens in inflammation? |
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Definition
| Decreased elasticity and decreased compliance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Causes increased HR and systemic vasoconstriction leading to BP increase |
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Term
| SNS leads to structural changes in blood vessels which cause ... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Shift in natriuresis curve= |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| insulin resistance, increased renin and angiotensin levels and procoagulant effects |
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Term
|
Definition
| sodium and water retention by kidneys, and angiotensin II mediates arterial remodeling which causes structure of vessel to change and thus causes an increase in peripheral resistance |
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Term
| ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)functions to.. |
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Definition
| Increase in response to atrial stretch/pressure, promotes loss of sodium via urine, as sodium is lost water is lost, circulating volume is decreased and BP is lowered, works as an antagonist to ADH and aldosterone. |
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Term
| ANH (ANP) is released by cells where? |
|
Definition
| In an upper chamber of the heart called the atrium |
|
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Term
| As BP becomes abnormally high... |
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Definition
| secretions of ANG increase in response to increase in atrial wall stretch. |
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Term
| Principal effect of ANH is to... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Water loss results in what? |
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Definition
| A decrease in blood volume and decrease in BP |
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Term
| Primary effect of ANH is also to... |
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Definition
| oppose increases of blood volume and blood pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
| release of sodium through urine |
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Term
|
Definition
| vasoconstriction is seen overtime and causes a decrease in oxygenation of injured tissue |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In an endothelial injury... |
|
Definition
| you see decreased production of nitric oxide |
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Term
| What is released in inflammation? |
|
Definition
| vasoactive cytokines (prostaglandins) |
|
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Term
| What happens in an endothelial injury? |
|
Definition
| There is a decreased production of vasodilators such as nitric oxide |
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Term
| What is increased in endothelial injury? |
|
Definition
| production of vasoconstrictors such as endothelin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a membrane skeleton protein |
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Term
| What can happen with mutations to the gene that codes for adducin? |
|
Definition
| An increase in tubular renal absorption reabsorption of sodium in the anglo pop of about 50-70% |
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Term
| Those with adducin mutations will be more responsive to what? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| There is a genetic link to increase receptors for... |
|
Definition
| norepi in heart and vascular smooth muscle |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| decreased release of nitric oxide and other vasodilators, it is also associated with overactivity of SNS and RAA system |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Negative effect of insulin on vessels.. |
|
Definition
| increase production of toxic oxygen radicals and inflammatory mediators, increased clot formation and increased endothelial destruction |
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Term
| Insulin has a negative effect on what metabolism? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sustained increase in peripheral resistance (arterial vasoconstriction), an increase in circulating blood volume, or both. |
|
|
Term
| Primary HTN results from.. |
|
Definition
| complicated interaction of genetics and environment mediated by multiple neurhumoral effects. And a defect in gene producing adducin is one of the theories |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| headache due to increased intracranial pressure, fatigue, malaise, dyspnea, palpations, angia, dizziness, |
|
|
Term
| HTN usually at first has... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with sustained high BP overtime |
|
Definition
| damage to arterial wall, arteries become thick and hard, lumen of vessels narrows, vessel walls can tear, ischemia or necrosis could occur, |
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Term
| With sustained high BP, which organs are most affected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Target organ damage could lead to ... |
|
Definition
| blindness, stroke, or renal failure |
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|
Term
| Renal failure is due to... |
|
Definition
| high pressure in enclosed area |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| caused by systemic disease process that raises peripheral vascular resistance or cardiac output |
|
|
Term
| Examples of secondary HTN? |
|
Definition
| Renovascular HTN, pheochromocytoma |
|
|
Term
| Isolated HTN is mostly seen in which population? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Isolated HTN is often seen because of what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Orthostatic hypertension.. |
|
Definition
| decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressure |
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|
Term
| Orthostatic hypertension could result from... |
|
Definition
| drugs, prolonged immobility, starvation, physical exhaustion, conditions affecting volume status, venous pooling (pregnancy), result of a 20mm drop |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Chronic disease of the arterial system, abnormal thickening of arteries, calcification of arterial walls, loss of vessel wall elasticity |
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|
Term
| Plaque formation is specific to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| smooth muscle cells and collagen fibers move into the tunica intima and thus cause a thickening for that layer and eventually cause a narrowing of the lumen |
|
|
Term
| Athrosclerosis is a form of... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thickening and hardening in Atherosclerosis is due to ... |
|
Definition
| accumulation of lipid laden macrophages in the arterial wall and plaque development |
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerosis is a condition that |
|
Definition
| affects large and small arteries and is characterized by an accumulation of fatty deposits, platelets, neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages throughout the tunica intima (endothelial layer) and EVENTUALLY into the tunica media. |
|
|
Term
| Which arteries are most often affected by atheroscerlosis |
|
Definition
| coronaries, aorta, and the cerebral arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when macrophages go after LDLs into the area of injury? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any vascular disorder that narrows or occludes the coronary arteries |
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|
Term
| Risk factor of atherosclerosis.. |
|
Definition
| hyperlipidemia, men over 45 and women over 55 or premature menopause, family history, |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does cholesterol do? |
|
Definition
| facilitates absorption and transport of fatty acids, is a precursor for synthesis of steroid hormones, may precipitate with other compounds in gall bladder to form gallstones. |
|
|
Term
| What happens with high cholesterol? |
|
Definition
| cortisol and glucose secretions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exercise and staying active |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed in small intestines.. they carry ingested fat from intestinal mucosa via the thoracis lymphatic duct into plasma and then into liver and tissues. |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides are converted into... |
|
Definition
| intermediate density lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| IDLs are eventually converted into |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidized LDLs encourage what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when they enter into the subendothelial space (tunica intima) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| go down vessel from point of original injury |
|
|
Term
| clinical manifestations of atherosclerosis... |
|
Definition
| intermittent claudication, symptoms occur late in disease, cold sensitivity in extremeties, changes in skin color, diminished peripheral pulses |
|
|
Term
| When could symptoms of a TIA be expected to dissolve? |
|
Definition
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