Term
| WHAT IS THE BODY'S FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE |
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Definition
| MECHANICAL BARRIERS SUCK AS INTACT SKIN AND MUC MEMBRANES (PG 20) |
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Term
| IDENTIFY THE BODY'S 2ND AND 3RD LINES OF DEFENSE |
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Definition
2ND: PROCESSES OF PHAGOCYTOSIS AND INFLAMMATION
3RD: THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
(PG 20) |
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Term
WHICH OF THE DEFENSES ARE SPECIFIC?
EXPLAIN WHAT IS MEANT BY "SPECIFIC" |
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Definition
THE IMMUNE SYSTEM IS THE SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISM OF THE BODY.
"SPECIFIC"-IT PROVIDES PROTECTION BY STIMULATING A UNIQUE RESPONSE FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO FORIEGN SUBSTANCES.
(PG 20) |
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Term
DEFINE PHAGOCYTOSIS.
ID TYPES OF CELLS THAT ARE PHAGOCYTICAND WHERE THESE CELLS ARE LOCATED W/IN THE BODY. |
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Definition
PROCESS BY WHICH NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES ENGULF AND DESTROY BACTERIA, CELLULAR DEBRIS AND FOREIGN MATERIALS.
CELLS:
NEUTROPHILS AND MONOCYTES ARE FLOATING IN THE BLOOD AND ENTER THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID WHEN INFLAMMATION OCCURS.
MACROPHAGES ARE LOCATED (FIXED) IN TISSUES SUCH AS THE ALVEOLI, LIVER AND SPLEEN.
(PG 21-22 AND FIG 2-2) |
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Term
ID THE EVENTS OF THE "VASCULAR RESPONSE" THAT OCCUR DURING AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE.
EXPLAIN WHY EA CHANGE OCCURS, AS WELL AS THE CONSEQUENCES OF EA EVENT. |
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Definition
TRANSIENT VASOCONTRICTION IS FOLLOWED BY VASODILATION, HYPEREMIA, AND INCREASED CAPILLARY PERMEABILITY IN RESPONSE TO CHEMICAL MEDIATOR (e.g. HIMSTAMINE, SEROTONIN, ECT.) RELEASED AT THE SITE OF INJURY.
THIS ALLOWS FOR THE ACCUMULATION IN THE AREA OF FLUID (TO DILUTE ANY TOXIC SUBSTANCES) AND SPECIFIC PLASMA PROTEINS SUCH AS GLOBULINS OR ANTIBODIES (TO REACT W/ SPECIFIC ANTIGENS) AND FIBRINOGEN (TO FORM A FIBRIN MESH TO LOCALIZE THE PROBLEM)
(PG 23) |
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Term
| ID THE 5 CARDINAL SIGNS OF AN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE AND THE CAUSE OF EA. |
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Definition
1. REDNESS-DUE TO VASODIALATION IN THE INJURED AREA.
2. WARMTH-DUE TO HYPEREMIA OR INCREASED BLOOD FLOW TO THE AREA.
3. SWELLING OR EDEMA-DUE TO THE SHIFT OF PROTEIN AND FLUID INTO THE INTERSTITIAL SPACE.
4. PAIN-RESULTING FROM INCREASED FLUID PRESSURE ON NERVE ENDINGS AND THE IRRITATION CAUSED BY CHEM MEDIATORS.
5. LOSS OF FUNCTION-IF CELLS LACK NUTRIENTS OR IF SWELLING INTERFERES W/ JOINT MOVEMENT. |
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Term
| OUTLINE THE EVENT OF THE CELLULAR RESPONSE OF AN INFLAMMATION IN THE CORRECT CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER. |
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Definition
EVENT OF CELLULAR RESPONSE:
CHEMOTAXIS
MARGINATION
EMIGRATION (DIAPEDESIS)
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND SUBSEQUENT RELEISE OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES. |
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Term
| CAUSITIVE AGENTS OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
1. DIRECT DAMAGE (TRAUMA)
2. CHEM
3. ISCHEMIA
4. CELL NECROSIS OR INFARCTION
5. ALLERIG RXN
6. PHYSICAL AGENTS (BURNS)
7. FORIEGN BODIES (SPLINTERS OR DIRT)
8. INFECTION |
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Term
| CAUSITIVE AGENTS OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
| WHEN THE CAUSE PERSISTS AND IS NOT REMOVED OR ERADICATED. |
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Term
| ONSET OF SX FOR ACUTE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
1. IMMEDIATE
2. DELAYED (e.g. SUNBURN) |
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Term
| ONSET OF SX FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
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Term
| INTENSITY OF SX FOR ACUTE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
| SERVERITY VARIES W/ THE SITUATION OR CAUSE |
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Term
| INTENSITY OF SX FOR CHRONIC INFLAMMAITON |
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Definition
| VARIES DEPENDING ON THE CAUSE, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND DURATION. |
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Term
| DURATION OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
| USUALLY OF SHORT DURATION BUT MAY BE PROLONGED |
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Term
| DURATION OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
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Term
| CELLS INVOLVED IN ACUTE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
1. NEUTROPHILS AND MACROPHAGES
2. LYMPHOCYTES IF AN IMMUNE RESPONSE IS INVOLVED |
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Term
| CELLS INVOLVE IN CHRONIC INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
| LYMPHOCYTES, MACROPHAGES, AND FIBROBLASTS |
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Term
| OUTCOME OF ACUTE INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
1. HEALING UNLESS IT BECOMES CHRONIC DUE TO PERSISTENCE OR A CAUSITIVE AGENT.
2. REGENERATION.
3. RESOLUTION |
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Term
| OUTCOME OF CHRONIC INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
| SCARRING AND/OR GRANULOMA |
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Term
THE ACRONYM RICE IS SOMETIMES USEFUL IN REMEMBERING INTERVENTIONS THAT CAN BE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION, PARTICULARLY THOSE CAUSED BY ATHLETIC INJURIES:
WHAT DOES RICE STAND FOR?
EXPLAIN THE RATIONALE FOR EA OF THESE INTERVENTIONS. |
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Definition
1. R-REST, I-ICE, C-COMPRESSION, E-ELEVATION.
2. R-REST ALLOWS TIME FOR HEALING, MINIMIZING FURTHER PAIN AND IRRITATION TO THE INJURED AREA.
I- EARLY APPLICATION OF COLD CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION, DECREASING PAIN AND EDEMA.
C-COMPRESSION TO FACILITATE BLOOD CLOTTING, PREVENT OR MINIMIZED EXCESS FLUID ACCUMULATION.
E-ELEVATION IMPROVES FLUID FLOW AWAY FROM THE DAMAGED AREA.
(PG 30) |
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Term
| ID ADDITIONAL NONPHARMACOLOGIC INTERVENTIONS THAT COULD BE USED TO TREAT INFLAMMATION, PARTICULARLY CONDITIONS THAT ARE CHRONIC, SUCH AS ARTHRITIS. |
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Definition
1. HEAT
2. PHYSIOTHERAPY
3. ADEQUATE NUTRITION AND HYDRATION
4. MILD TO MODERATE EXERCISE
5. ELASTIC STOCKINGS TO REDUCE FLUID ACCUMULATION
(PG 30) |
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Term
| STATE 5 DIF BTWN NONSTEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUGS (NSAIDS) AND GLUCOCORTICOIDS OR STEROIDAL ANTI-INFLAMMATORY |
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Definition
NSAIDS:
1. ARE ANALGESIC AND ANTIPYRETIC
2. THEY MAY CAUSE:
ALLERGIC RXNS
SLOW BLOOD CLOTTING
CAUSE N AND/OR STOMACH ULCERATIONS
STEROIDS:
1. DECREASE IMMUNE RESPONSE
2. INCREASE THE RISK OF:
INFECTION
BP
EDEMA
3. MAY ALSO CAUSE OSTEOPOROSIS AND SKELETAL MUSCLE WASTING. |
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Term
| ID DIF BTWN NSAIDS AND ACETAMINOPHEN |
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Definition
NSAIDS:
1. ARE ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
2. MAY CAUSE ALLERGIC RXNS AND SLOW BLOOD CLOTTING
ACETAMINOPHEN:
1. HAS NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AXN.
2. HIGH DOESES MAY CAUSE KIDNEY AND LIVER DAMAGE.
(TBL 2-4; PG 29-30) |
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Term
DIF BTWN THE PROCESSES OF RESOLUTION AND REGENERATION.
WHAT FACTORS DERTERMINE WHETHER RESOLUTION OR REGENERATION PROCESSES WILL FOLLOW AN INJURY? |
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Definition
RESOLUTION:
OCCURS WHEN THERE IS MIN TISSUE DAMAGE, THE DAMAGE IS REPAIRED, AND CELLS RECOVER AND RESUME NML FUNCTION IN A SHORT TIME.
REGENERATION:
IS THE HEALING PROCESS THAT OCCURS IN TISSUES WHOSE CELLS ARE CAPABLE OF MITOSIS (e.g. EPITHELIAL CELLS OF THE SKIN, GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT) THE DAMAGED CELLS ARE REPLACED BY THE PROLIFERATION OF NEARBY UNDAMAGED CELLS.
(PG 31) |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE NAURE OF THE TISSUE/LOCATION OF THE WOUND. |
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Definition
| INOPERABLE BULLET WOUND TO THE BRAIN MAY BE INACCESSIBLE W/O FURTHER TISSUE DAMAGE AND LOSS OF FUNCTION |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE NUTRITIONALY STATUS OF THE INJURED INDIVIDUAL |
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Definition
| MALNUTRITION, ESP DEFICIENCIES IN VIATMINS SUCH AS C, E, AND K, WOULD IMPAIR THE BLOOD-CLOTTING CAPABILITY OF THE INDIVIDUAL, IMPAIRING WOUND CLOSURE AND REPAIR OF DAMAGED TISSUES. |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE SIZE AND SHAPE OF THE WOUND |
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Definition
| LG, DEEP CUTS, FOR EX, ESP IF UNTREATED, OR PRESENTING DIF SUTURE CLOSURE WOULD FACILITATE EXTENSIE SCAR FORMATION; e.g. CUTE DUE TO BROKEN GLASS OR PWR TOOLS |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE DRUGS THAT THE INJURED INDIVIDUAL IS TAKING |
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Definition
| ANTICLOTTING MEDS WOULD LIMIT OR IMPAIR CLOTTING AND HENCE WOULDN CLOSURE; e.g. ASA AND OTHER BLOOD-THINNING DRUGS PRIOR TO SURGERY. |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE AGE OF THE INDIVIDUAL |
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Definition
| NUTRITIONAL STATUS IS OFTEN INADEQUATE IN THE ELDERLY, AND THE AGING PROCESS ITSELF SLOWS DOWN NML HEALING RESPONSES AT MANY LEVELS. |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE PRESENSE OF FOREIGN MATERIALS IN THE WOUND |
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Definition
| FB'S, IF NOT REMOVED, IMPAIR WOULD CLOSURE AND PROMOTE SCARING AS WELL AS PREDISPOSE TO INFECTION; e.g. A LG SPLINTER. |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE INJURED TISSURE |
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Definition
| IF BLOOD SUPPLY IS LIMITED OR CUT OFF FROM THE DAMAGED TISSURE, THEN MOST OF THE CELLULAR AND BLOOD FACTORS NEC FOR HEALING WOULD NOT REACH THE AFFECTED AREA; e.g. A THROMBUS OR AN EMBOLUS |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE PRESENCE OF INFECTION IN THE DAMAGED TISSUE |
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Definition
| INFECTION REQ ITS OWN CURE, BEFORE HEALING CAN OCCUR; REMOVAL OF THE INFECTIOUS AGENT, IF IMPAIRED OR DELAYED, WOULD PROLONG THE HEALING PROCESS, LEADING TO MROE EXTENSIVE SCARRING AND, IF UNTREATED, PERHAPS SYSTEMIC INFECTION. A PUNTURE WOULD, LIKE A RUSTY NAIL, COULD BRING INFECTION TO THE DAMAGED TISSUE. ANOTHER EX IS A BITE FROM A RABID ANIMAL. |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
THE DEGREE OF IMMOBILIZATION OF THE INJURED TISSUE |
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Definition
| BROKEN BONES, IF NOT IMMOBILIZED, DO NOT HEAL PROPERLY. |
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Term
MANY FACTORS INFLUENCE TISSUE HEALING. EXPLAIN HOW THE FOLLOWING FACTOR COULD COMPLICATE OR DELAY HEALING, STATING AT LEAST 1 EX TO ILLUSTRATE EA ONE:
PRE-EXISTING DISEASE STATES THAT EXIST IN THE INJURED INDIVIDUAL |
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Definition
| DISEASE, IF CHRONIC W/ SYSTEMIC EFFET, COULD IMPAIR IMMUNE AND OTHER NML HEALING TISSUE RESPONSES. DIABETES, FORE EX, MAY RESULT IN IMPAIRED CIRCULATION TO THE DAMAGED AREA. |
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Term
| ID COMPLICATIONS THAT MAY OCCURE DURING AND INFLAMMATORY PROCESS AND SUBSEQUENT HEALING. |
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Definition
1. LOSS OF FUNCTION
2. CONTRACTURES AND OBSTRUCTIONS
3. ADHESIONS
4. HYPERTROPHIC SCAR TISSUE
5. ULCERATION
(PG 30-31) |
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Term
DESCRIBE THE CLASSIFICATION OF BURNS BASED ON:
BODY SURFACE AREA
DEPTH OF TISSUE DAMMAGE |
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Definition
BODY SUREFACE:
THE % OF BODY SURFACE AREA (BSA) BURNED, USUING THE "RULE OF 9'S" FOR CLACULATION TO DETERMINE EXTENT OF INJURY AND FLUID REPLACEMENT NEEDS.
DEPTH OF DAMAGE:
1. PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURNS INVOLVE THE EPIDERMIS AND PART OF THE DERMIS.
2. DEEP PARTIAL-THICKNESS BURNS INVOLVE DESTRUCTION OF THE EPIDERMIS AND PART OF THE DERMIS.
3. FULL-THICKNESS BURNS RESULT IN DESTRUCTION OF ALL SKIN LAYERS AND OFTEN UNDERLYING SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES AS WELL.
(P 35-38; FIG 2-10, 2-11 AND 2-12) |
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Term
| EPLAIN WHY FULL-THICKNESS BURNS INITIALLY MAY BE PAINLESS |
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Definition
NERVES IN THE BURNED ARE HAVE BEEN DESTROYED
(PG 35) |
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Term
| HYPERTOPHIC SCAR FORMATION DUE TO EXCESS COLLAGEN DEPOSITS LEADING TO HAR, OFTEN ELEVATED, RIDGES OF SCAR TISSUE |
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Definition
KELOID
(PG 33; FIG 2-9; PG PG 35) |
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Term
| A THICK COAGULATED CRUST THAT DEV FOLLOWING A FULL-THICKNESS BURN |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| BAND OF SCAR TISSUE JOINING 2 SUREFACES THAT ARE NMLY SEPERALTE |
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Definition
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Term
| SURFACE LESION, A CRATER, DUE TO TISSUE NECROSIS |
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Definition
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Term
| INTERSTITIAL FLUID ACCUMULATION IN AN AREA OF INFLAMMATION |
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Definition
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Term
| FIXATION AND DEFORMITY OF A JOINT AS A RESULT OF SCAR FORMATION AND SHRINKAGE. |
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Definition
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