Term
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Definition
| growth of new cells like cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
is a DZ of cells
it is an abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and metastasize |
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Term
| When does cancer develops? |
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Definition
| in a part of the body begin to grow out of control |
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Term
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Definition
| a tumor that is malignant when it can invade and destroy nearby tissue and may spread to other parts of body |
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Term
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Definition
non-malignanct growth
ARE NOT CANCER |
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Term
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Definition
NO, it is a group of 200 different and distinctive DZ
NOT CONTAGIOUS |
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Term
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Definition
some virus or bacteria
radiation
some chemicals
hereditary
diet
hormones |
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Term
| IS cancer tissue specific? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
yes, many factors
no single cause for any one type of cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| is something that can help cause cancer |
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Term
| Most types of cancer become common as we get older. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the players of cancer? |
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Definition
immune
diet
environmental
hereditary
virus |
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Term
| What is the downside of cancer? |
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Definition
early cancer may not have any symptoms
can cause almost any sign of symptoms
can t pick up subtle stuff |
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Term
Can be Asymptomatic until large. T/F |
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Definition
T
will not know til advanced stage |
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Term
What are some symptoms of cancer? |
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Definition
fever, fatigue, weight loss,
skin color changes--hyperpigmentation , jaundice, reddening, excessive hair growth
, pain |
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Term
What are the specific cancer signs and symptoms |
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Definition
change in bowel habits or bladder function
sores that do not heel
unusual bleeding or discharge
thickeining or lump in breast or other parts of the body |
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Term
| Most ocular tumors are metastatic process. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common metastatic choroidal tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the tumor detection? |
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Definition
increase in size
discoloration compared to surround
neovascular growth
indistinct margins
distortion of surrounding tissue
loss of function |
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Term
| What are the tumor diagnosis? |
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Definition
history and clinical examination
imagin g
tumor markers
cytology
BIOPSY
molecular tech |
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Term
| What are the microscopic appearance of cancer cells? |
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Definition
large number of irregularity shaped dividing cells
large, variable shaped nuclei
small cytoplasmic volume relative to nuclei
variation in cell size and shape
loss of normal specialized cell features
disorganized arrangement of cells
poorly defined tumor boundry |
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Term
| what are the cell growth ? |
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Definition
cytokines
growth factors
growth inhibitors
cancer suppressor genes P53
oncogenes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is carcinoma is situ? |
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Definition
| cancer cells that stays in one place |
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Term
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Definition
Progressive, purposeless, pathologic, proliferation of cells characterized by LOSS OF CONTROL over cell division
DNA damage at growth control genes is central to development of neoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
normal -> hyperplasia-> metaplasia -> DNA DAMAGE->dysplasia->
DNA damage ->anaplasia -> DNA DAMAGE-> infiltration DNA DAMAGE
MEtastsis |
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Term
| What the statistic of cancer? |
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Definition
1 out 3 will develop cancer
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Term
| Tumors may be considered new but USELESS ORGANS. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
When they remove a benign tumor it looks like? cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
Cancers that arise from epithelium are called
Cancers that arise from mesenchyme/mesoderm are called |
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Definition
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Term
| Neoplasmis literally mean : |
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Definition
| new growth ; is an abnormal mass of tissue the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change. |
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Term
| ALL neoplasm are heritable changes that allow excessive and unregulated proliferation that is INDEPENDENT OF PHYSSILOGIC GROWTH REGULATORY STIMULI. T/F |
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Definition
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Term
| What is adenoma? adenocarcinoma? |
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Definition
- benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue
- malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue |
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Term
| carcinoma?osteoma? sarcoma? papillomas |
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Definition
malignant tumor of epithelial tissue
benign tumor of bone tissue
malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin
benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projections growing on a surface |
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Term
| What is squamous cell carcinomas? |
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Definition
arise where is a stratified squamous epithelium
or glands |
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Term
| Malignant tumors are graded by two things, which are? |
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Definition
| type and determined by rules |
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Term
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Definition
worst of all, not as well-differentiated.
less differentiated the higher the grade |
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Term
| What is clonal overgrowth? |
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Definition
| it takes one cell to produce clones, where clones that have arisen from clones |
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Term
| What are the two step of carinogenesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the initiation?promation? |
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Definition
- the result of exposure of a cell or cells to a carcinogen
-a substance that causes initiated cells to turn into tumors |
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Term
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Definition
mutagenicity and how carcinogenic the chemical is |
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Term
What are some clinical manifestation of CANCER? |
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Definition
tissue integrity
cancer cachexia--WEIGHT LOSS
paraneoplastic syndrome |
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Term
| WHat finally kills the cancer pt? |
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Definition
PNEUMONIA
due to sepsis, neutropenia, non-specific immunosuppresion, hemmorrhage, pulmonary thromboemboli |
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Term
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Definition
Weight loss, loss of appetite
give them steroids |
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Term
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Definition
tumor is smaller than 1 cm diameter without metastases
tumor is larger than 1 cm and/or symptomatic and/or there are metastases to the regional lymph nodes
the tumor has infiltrated a non resectable structure and or there are DISTANT METASTASES |
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Term
What does initiator cause? promoter? progressor? |
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Definition
genetic mutation
cause rapid cell growth
cause cancer to become aggressive and spread (w/out this can lead to benign) |
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Term
| What are the methods by which Cancer spreads? |
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Definition
- direct invasion and extension
-seeding of cancer cells in body cavities
-metastatic spread thru the BLOOD or LYMPH pathways |
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Term
| WHere does beingn tumors stay? |
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Definition
| in localized tissues and cant spread by invasion or metastasis |
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Term
| What are the HALLMARKS of Cancer? 6 changes for cancer |
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Definition
self-sufficiency in growth signals(does not need a signal to start)
insenstiy to growth-inhibitory signals
evasion of apoptosis
limitless replicative capacity
sunstained angiogenesis
tissue invasion and metastasis |
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Term
| AGAIN, what are the steps involving the transformation of NORMAL CELLS--into--CANCER CELLS? |
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Definition
initiation --cells exposed to carcinogenic agentes
promotion-- unregulated accelerated growth in already initiated cells caused by various chmicals nd growth factors
progression -- tumor cells acquire malignant prhenotypic changes that promote invasiveness |
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Term
| What does hormones help? estrogen? |
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Definition
-promote the growth of tumor
-act as initiators or promoters |
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Term
| Hormones as promoter. t/f |
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Definition
true
-tissue specific
-promote tissue specific cell division
- has the biggest role in cancer if the hormone drives cell division |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is selective estrogen receptor modulator? |
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Definition
| synthetic ligands for the estrogen receptor that act as estrogen agoinsts in some tissues and as antagonists in others |
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Term
| what are good estrogen actions? bad estrogen actions |
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Definition
maintain bone
maintain sexual function
CV protection
protect brain
promote proliferative
mammary epi
endometrial epi |
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Term
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Definition
| some role in growth and regulation |
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Term
| What are tumor suppresssor genes? |
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Definition
| are normal genes whose ABSENCE can lead to cancer |
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Term
| What is the tumor suppressor protein triggers cell suicide? |
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Definition
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Term
| LOOK @ Notes for Hallmark 1-6 |
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Definition
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Term
The big difference between benign and malignant tumors are? |
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Definition
| rate of growth, degree of differentiation, local invasiveness and distant spread |
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Term
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Definition
| is a cell cycle regulator that has a key role, not only in regulating G1/S phase cell cycle progression, but also in monitoring DNA damage |
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Term
What is immune surveillance? |
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Definition
| tumor cells can be recognized by the immune systems as non self and destroyed. |
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Term
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Definition
monoclonal antibody that reduces cancer and binds to the extracellular domain of the human epidermal growth factor receptor
Trastuzumab |
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Term
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Definition
| dediffreentiation or loss of the structural and functional differentiation of normal cells |
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Term
| What are the pathways of metastatic spreads? |
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Definition
seeding within body cavities
lymphatic spread
hematogenous spread |
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Term
What occurs with spread by seeding? |
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Definition
| when neoplasm invade a natural body cavity |
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Term
| What is lymphatic spread? |
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Definition
| carinomas, whereas hematogenous spread is favored by sarcomas |
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Term
| What is sentinal lymph node? |
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Definition
is defined as the first lymph node in a regional lymphati basin that receivelymph flow from a primary tumor
drain towrard a specific node and can tell the extent of spread of tumor |
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Term
What are the clinical changes due to tumor |
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Definition
tumor impingement on nearby structure
ulceration/bleeding
infection
rupture or infraction |
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