Term
| What type of changes do cell injuries induce? |
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Definition
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Term
| On what basis do pathologist classify and diagnose disease? |
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Definition
| morphologic change induced by cell and tissue injury |
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Term
| What is the difference between signs and symptoms? |
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Definition
| Signs are abnormal physical findings and thus objective, while symptoms are complaints given by the patient and thus subjective. |
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Term
| Which cell damage leads to cell death mainly by apoptosis? |
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Definition
| DNA damage and misfolded proteins |
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Term
| What are the two most common cellular changes? |
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Definition
Cellular swelling-mainly due to membrane damage and an inability to control ionic flow and maintain homeostasis
Fatty Change-due to metabolic dysfunction in cells that metabolize
lipids, e.g. liver, kidneys
These are reversible and do not necessarily cause cell death. |
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Term
| What do you call a reduction in cell size? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a change in cell form or replacement of adult cells? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What do you call a change in cell number? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call deranged cell growth of a specific tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of phyysiologic hyperplasia? |
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Definition
hormonal- e.g. breasts and uterus during pregnancy
compensatory- e.g. liver regeneration after a hepatoectomy |
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Term
| What causes pathologic hyperplasia? |
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Definition
Excessive hormone stimulation of the target tissues
Leads to increased production of transcription factors
Leads to increased production of GF
Increased production of GF receptors
Activation of intracellular signaling
results in a larger organ |
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Term
| Is hypertrophy due to swelling? |
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Definition
| No, it's due to increased synthesis of structural components |
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Term
| What are four causes of cell atrophy? |
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Definition
Loss of blood supply or innervations
Loss of endocrine factors (ex. TSH)
Decrease in the workload
Aging
Chronic illness
CLADL |
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Term
| What is the most common type of epithelial metaplasia? |
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Definition
| columnar cells being replaced by squamous epithelium |
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Term
| Does metaplasia involve a loss of funciton? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is metaplasia reversible? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Can metaplasia occur due to chronic irritation? |
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Definition
| Yes, as in the trachea and bronchi of smokers |
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Term
| Might there be a loss of function in metaplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mechnamism for metaplasia, what cells are reprogrammed in normal tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the mechanism for metaplasia, what cells are reprogrammed in connective tissue? |
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Definition
| undifferentiated mesenchymal cells |
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Term
| What are three potential sources of signal mediation in the mechanism of cell metaplasia? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three steps in the metaplasia mechanism? |
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Definition
| Reprogramming, mediation by specific signals, Induction of specific transcription factors |
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Term
| What are labile cells and give three examples? |
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Definition
constant active self renewal
skin
gastrointestinal mucosa
hematopoeitic cells |
|
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Term
| What are stable cells and give an example? |
|
Definition
low level of renewal and capactiy to replace cells
liver
renal tubular cells
glial cells in CNS |
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Term
| What are two characteristics of reversible cell injury? |
|
Definition
swelling of mitochondria and ER
clumping of chromatin |
|
|
Term
| What are two characteristics of reversible cell injury? |
|
Definition
swelling of mitochondria and ER
clumping of chromatin |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of cell death |
|
Definition
Swelling of the ER with loss of ribosomes
membrane blebs
lysomes rupture
myeline figures
nuclear condensation |
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|
Term
| What ar ethe characteristics of necrosis? |
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Definition
| Fragmentation of the cell membrane and nucleus |
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Term
| What ar ethe characteristics of necrosis? |
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Definition
| Fragmentation of the cell membrane and nucleus |
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|
Term
| What are four cases of apoptosis? |
|
Definition
1. Involution of hormone dependent tissues upon hormone deprivation.
2. Cell loss in proliferating cell populations to maintain a constant number.
3. Elimination of potentially harmful self reactive lymphocytes.
4. Cell death induced by cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
EICC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A reduction in the number of cells in the form of physiological organ atrophy through apoptosis.
Slide 49 |
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Term
| What enzymes are used in apoptosis to degrade proteins and DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major pathways that initiate apoptosis? |
|
Definition
1. Mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathway
initiated by misfolded cells
2. Death receptor (extrinsiic) pathway
initiated by engagement of death receptors (members of the TNF receptor family) on adjacent cells |
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Term
| Name and define the three nuclear characteristics of a necrotic cell. |
|
Definition
pyknosis-shriveling and darkening of the cell nucleus associated with low pH
karyorrhexis-fragmentation of the shriveled cell nucleus, cell nucleus turns to dust
karyolysis- nothing of the nucleus is visible any longer except a purple haze |
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|
Term
| What are the five different types of necrosis? |
|
Definition
1. Caseous
2. Liquefecation
3. Fat Necrosis
4. Cooagulative
5. Gangrenous |
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Term
| In which type of necrosis are the cells dead, but the basic tissue architecture is preserved for several days? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of necrosis is when the cell undergoes extensive autolysis caused by the release of lysosomal hydrolases, proteinases, DNAses, lipases. etc.) It is classically seen in the spleen and brain following ifarctions? |
|
Definition
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Term
| In which type of necrosis is the tissue architecture completely obliterated and the cellular outlines not discernible, encountered in tuberculosis, and it is enclosed with an inflammatory border |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Which type of necrosis occurs in acute pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In which type of necrosis do you see
antigen/antibody complexes in the walls of the arteries
results in a bright pink and amorphous H&E stain due to binding of fibrin that has leaked out of vessels with the immune complexes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do lab tests detect necrosis? |
|
Definition
| Increased serum levels of intracellular proteins |
|
|
Term
| What enzyme indicates liver disease? |
|
Definition
(AST) Aspartate aminotransferase
(ALT) Alanine aminotransferase |
|
|
Term
| What loose enzyme in the serum marks pancreatitis? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What enzyme marks acute myocardial infarction or myocarditis? |
|
Definition
| Creatine Kinase MB (CK-MB) |
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Term
| Give five examples of reversible cell injuries. |
|
Definition
1. Decreased pH
2. Ion imbalance
3. Fatty change (liver)
4. Swelling
5. Decreased ATP levels |
|
|
Term
| Give four examples of irreversible cell damage. |
|
Definition
1. Amorphous densities in mitochondria
2. Severe membrane damage
3. Lysosomal Rupture
4. Severe DNA damage |
|
|
Term
| 4 factors that burns depend upon |
|
Definition
1. Whether the lungs were injured.
2. Whether the treatment was prompt
3. Total surface area burned
4. Depth of the burn |
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