Term
|
Definition
| decrease in size of the organ or cell by decrease cell size or number of cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. clumping of DNA histone complexes (chromatin)
2. loosening of interchormatinic substances
3. blebbing of the nuclear membrane
4. nucleolus fragmentation |
|
|
Term
| what is physiologic atrophy |
|
Definition
| reduction in uterus size following hormonal withdrawal. |
|
|
Term
| what is pathological atrophy? |
|
Definition
| muscle atrophy following denervation or ischemia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| brown atrophy of the heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| increase in size of the cell or organ |
|
|
Term
what is the cause of left ventricular
hypertrophy? and muscle atrophy? |
|
Definition
high blood pressure
weight lifting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| active dying involves gene activation and enzymes action. Occur normally during development, but can be induced by viruses, drugs or others. Does not induce significant inflammatory reaction. |
|
|
Term
| Direct cell killing by viruses |
|
Definition
| killing by infection, producing a cytopathic effect. usually virus enters the cell membrane, producing a pore that leads to fatal fluid and ion shifts. |
|
|
Term
| Two ways of cell killing by viruses |
|
Definition
| direct killing and secondary immune-mediated killing |
|
|
Term
| secondary immune mediated cell killing by viruses |
|
Definition
| Killing of virus-infected cells. were the viruses induce neoantigens, which are recognized by the cellular immune system. Infected cells are killed by immune cells such as T-lymphocytes or natural killer cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may be caused by ischemia or parenchymal organs and is typically seen in a myocardial infract caused by coronary artery obstruction. Also resembels cooked meant/eggs (yack!!). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by enzymatic action of lipase on fat. typically, it is found in association with acute pancreatitis, but sometimes it is also found in areas of traumatic injury to fat. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found in tuberculosis and some fungal diseases. Its name is derived from the cheesy apperenace of the necrotic tissue, which resembles the curds that develop during the production of cheeses. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this necrosis is usually found in the center of granulomas and composed to epitheliod macrophages, a GIANT CELLS, and lymphocytes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
longer ells
foreign body---cells
tumor---cells
juvenile xanthomate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| histological change seen in small blood vessels affected by autoimmune diseases such as polyarteritis nodosa or by malignant hypertension. The walls of the vessels contain foci of homogeneous or granular eosinophilic material rich in fibrin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a natural defense response of multicellular organisms reacting to an injury or irritation. It can be causes by chemical, physical, living organism, electrical, and immunological agents. |
|
|
Term
| predominate cells of acute inflammation |
|
Definition
| Neutrophils are predominate in this inflammation. hallmark of mammalian response to injury. |
|
|
Term
| predominant cells of chronic inflammation |
|
Definition
| monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells (mononuclear leukocytes) are predominate in this inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| predominant cells of parasitic reaction? |
|
Definition
| eosinophils are predominate cells in this reaction |
|
|
Term
Contents of Macrophages
Action of Macrophages |
|
Definition
acid hydrolase, protease, lysozymes, pyrogen.
Action: ingest micro molecules by pinocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an epithelium becomes coated by fibrin, desquamated epithelial cells and inflammatory cells. An example is the grey membrane seen in pharyngitis or laryngitis due to Corynebaeterium diphtheriae.
It also causes pseudomembranous colitis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| caused by Clostridium difficile bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| replacement of dead cells by living ones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. healing by primary union, a clean surgical incision wound.
2. healing by secondary union, large irregular wound. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is a form of healing in which the tissue defects is replaced by identical cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| occurs in organs composed of cells that divide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| repair of organs that are not capable of cell division is accomplished by scarring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells found in heart, brain, skeletal muscle. Cannot go complete generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| does not require priming or sensitization, and it is not enhanced by previous exposure to the inciting agents. It does not discriminate btw various types of injurious agents, lacks specificity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immunity maintained by several sets of cells that undergo a complex interaction when stimulated by foreign materials or microbes called antigens. it is able to respond to almost any antigen it may encounter. the primary components are lymphocytes and plasma cells. It has specificity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first antibody to be secreted on antigen stimulate. it is the largest immunoglobulin, and is a pentamere of high molecular weight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| most abundant inmmunoglobulin in blood. It is the only antibody to cross placenta, and is produced by re-exposure to the same antigen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these cells are part of the mononuclear phagocytic system. they function in inflammation, natural immunity, and aquired immunity |
|
|
Term
| the macrophages functions in acquired immunity |
|
Definition
1. processing and presentation of antigen to T lymphocytes
2. production of cytokines which acts on other cells of immune system. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| immediate hypersensitivity. it is initiated by antigen reacting with cell-bound antibody-IgE. Mast cell and basophil are attached by IgE. Immune mediators such as histamine, leukotriene, prostaglandin are released causing vasodilation, increased vascular permeability. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is also called antibody-mediated cytotoxcicity. the antibodies (IgM or IgG) react with normal or altered cell surface component leading to subsequent destruction or inactivation of the target cell. |
|
|
Term
| Hypersensitivity Type II-two antibody mediated cytotoxicity occur |
|
Definition
1. Complement mediated cytotoxicity
2. Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| Complement mediated cytotoxicity |
|
Definition
| in this reaction, the binding of antibody with cell surgace antigen causes complement to be activated via classical pathway. this results in activation of terminal complement component (membrane attack unit) which directly lyse the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity |
|
Definition
| in this reaction, target cell coated with antibody are lysed by killer cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is also called cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity. It does not require the presence of antibody and characteristically delayed from any where from about 24 hours to 2 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| Hypersensitivity III--Three types of cell mediated hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
1. delayed type hypersensitivity: example-tuberculin reaction and sarcoidosis
2. cell mediated cytotoxicity: example-transplant rejection
3. NK cell cytotoxicity: example-viral or tumor target. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune dz. antibody to native double stranded DNA antibody is highly diagnostic for lupus. |
|
|
Term
| Rheumatoid arthritis: etiology and pathogenesis |
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease: rheumatoid factor (antibody against immunoglobulin G) is characteristics. Serum titre depend on severity of disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease: Antibody o Scl-70, antinucleaolar antibodies are diagnostic for systemic sclerosis, antibody to centromere (anticentomere antibody) is diagnostic for lesser aggressive form called crest syndrome. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
autoimmune disease:
-dry mouth,eyes, and salivary gland enlargement.
-Increased risk of lymphoid malignancy
-Anti-SS-B and antiSS-A antibody are diagnostic |
|
|
Term
| Primary Billiary cirrhosis |
|
Definition
| autoimmune disease: jaundice and pruritus. antimitochondrial antibody is diagnostic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when embolus (clot) objects migrate from one part of the body through circulation and causes a blockage of a block vessel in another part of the body. |
|
|
Term
| etiological factors of cancer |
|
Definition
1. age
2. hereditary
3. race and geography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue or cell of origin is squamous epithelium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mesenchymal smooth muscle tissue of origin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue of origin is mesenchymal striated muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular differentiation of the tumor. is based on microscopic features of tumor cell and arrangement. the appearance of cell, presence of cytologic and histologic features of anaplasia. it is rated as low, high, and intermediate. Low=better prognosis than high. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
is the assessment of extent of tumor spread by clinical and pathologic means. TNM system is used. Size and local invasion of primary tumor, involvement of regional distant lymphnode, presence or absence of mets to organs other than primary site.
It is the most important prognostic indicator. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solid aggregates of blood formed during coagulation. |
|
|
Term
| Conditions where thrombosis is considered pathologic |
|
Definition
1. when formed under inappropriate circumstances (in intact vessels as in varicose vein)
2. when formed in some pathologically altered vessels (atherosclerotic aorta, carotid artery)
3. when formed uncontrollably (as in DIC) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 47 XXY eunuchoid tall male, infertility, testicular atrophy, high FSH and estrogen, no male type hair body, gynecomastia (female breast). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 45, x, one abnormal ring chromosome. short female with web neck (pterygium coli), infertility, streak gonads, coarctation of aorta, broad chest with wide spaced nipple, estrogen therapy restores secondary sex characteristics ut not fertility. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 47, xx 21*, typical facies, mental retardation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of arteries. characterized by formation of atheroma, elevated plaque. atheroma narrow arterial lumen, damage tunica media, forming calcification, ulceration with thrombus formation, intraplague hemorrhage. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. hypercholesterolemia
2. hypertension |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| narrowing of arteries. characterized by band liked calcification within the tunica medial of medium of medium sized arteries and arterioles. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| primary generalized disease of the arteries resulting from inflammatory of immunologically mediated process. an abscess is not arteritis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is characterized by the presence of ----cells in the inflammatory lesion of the arteries. However, the presence of the ---cells is not required for histological diagnosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form of giant cell arteritis found most commonly in old women |
|
|
Term
| gummetal (gumma) necrosis |
|
Definition
| syphilitic aneurysm, where syphilis occludes vasa vasorum by endarteritis with perivascular infiltration of plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| disorder caused by the deletion of a small piece of chromosome 22. Characteristics include heart defects, an opening in the roof of the mouth, learning disabilities, recurrent infections caused by problems with the immune system, and mild differences in facial features. Affected individuals may also have kidney abnormalities, low levels of calcium in the blood (which can result in seizures), significant feeding difficulties, autoimmune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, and an increased risk of developing mental illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. |
|
|
