Term
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Definition
| any pathologic abnormality in a cell, tissue, or organ |
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Term
| Distinguish between a functional and structural lesion. |
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Definition
structural - morphologically detectable
functional - biochemically detectable |
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Term
| Which type of lesion occurs first (structural or functional)? What is the progression of lesions? |
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Definition
| biochemical functional lesion--->detectable structural lesion (ultruastructural--->histologic--->naked eye) |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual response of cells that leads to lesions and disease |
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Term
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Definition
| the actual cause of disease |
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Term
| Distinguish between an adapted and injured cell. |
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Definition
adapted:exists in altered homeostatic state
injured: unable to maintain homeostatic state (reversible: cell swelling, steatosis; irreversible: necrosis) |
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Term
What proliferative capacity (labile, stable, or permanent) do the following set of cells possess?
hematopoietic, mucosal, epidermis |
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Definition
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Term
What proliferative capacity (labile, stable, or permanent) do the following set of cells possess?
parenchymal, mesechymal, endothelial |
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Definition
| stable (existing in G0 phase) |
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Term
What proliferative capacity (labile, stable, or permanent) do the following set of cells possess?
neurons, cardiac myocytes, skeletal muscle |
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Definition
| permanent (unable to multiply once fully differentiated) |
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Term
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Definition
| controlled, increase in cell number of labile or stable cells; reversible |
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Term
What type of hyperplasia is caused by the following?
excessive hormonal stimulation
chronic irritation or injury
increased functional demand
viral infection
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increased cell size (more organelles and larger nucleus) due to increase in metabolic activities; reversible |
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Term
What type of hypertrophy is caused by the following?
hormonal stimulation
increased functional demand |
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Definition
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Term
What type of hypertrophy is caused by the following?
excessive hormonal stimulation
increased functional demand |
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Definition
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Term
| Can all cell types that undergo hypertrophy also undergo hyperplasia? |
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Definition
| No. Permanent cells can undergo hypertrophy but not hyperplasia. |
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Term
| Define atrophy. How is it different from hypoplasia? |
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Definition
decreased size and number with increased protein degradation and decreased metabolic activity; reversible
hypoplasia: organ never obtained normal size to begin with. |
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Term
| What type of atrophy is driven by apoptosis during embryogenesis or hormonoal regulation? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of atrophy is caused by the following?
decreased functional workload (diffuse atrophy)
decreased nutrient supply (e.g. less blood flow)
decreased neural stimulation (denervation atrophy)
decreased hormonal stimulation
pressure (pressure atrophy - direct pressure on cells)
aging (senile atrophy) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| substitution of once fully differentiated cell type with another; via reprogramming stem cell; reversible; |
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Term
| What are two main causes of metaplasia? |
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Definition
chronic irritation
nutrutional deficiency |
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Term
| What is a major tradeoff of metaplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
What morphological event of cell injury do the following characteristics belong to?
increased cell size; loss of basophila (fewer ribosomes); cytoplasmic pallor; nuclear enlargment; blebbing and loss of surface speacializations
[image]
[image]
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Definition
| cell swelling; as a result of decreased ATPase action (from a loss of ATP due to hypozia-induced mitochondrial impairment) and many ions rushing in...making cell hypertonic. |
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Term
| What is the main event that characterizes the sublethal--->lethal damage transition? |
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Definition
| cessation of mitochondrial function and subsequent depletion of ATP stores |
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Term
| Distinguish between fatty infiltration and fatty change (steatosis). |
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Definition
infiltration - lipid accumulation within intervening stroma (can compress parenchyma but will not damage it)
steatosis - lipid accumulation within parenchyma |
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Term
What event of cell injury is characterized by the following?
presence of microscopic lesions that appear as clear vacuoles within parenchymal cells; paler yellow; more rounded lobes in case of liver
[image]
displaces nucleus to periphery; confirmed by red oil stain
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the abnormal lipid metabolism induced by alcoholism. |
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Definition
alcoholism--->increased FA mobilization + ethanol--->acetaldehyde (excess byproduct: NADH)
NADH--->triglyceride synthesis--->impaired export of lipoproteins + less FA oxidation in mitochondria
[image]
[image] |
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Term
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Definition
| proteinaceous material with homogenous eodinophilic glassy HE appearance |
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Term
| What are the three types of intracellular hyaline? |
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Definition
Mallory bodies (alcoholic hyaline)
Russel bodies (Ig accumulations in plasma cells)
Protein reabsorption droplets |
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Term
What irreversible cell injury process is characterized by the following features?
loss of membrane integrity
leakage of cellular contents
unrestricted entry of Ca2+ ions |
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Definition
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Term
What type of necrosis is shown here?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What type of necrosis is shown here?
[image]
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What type of necrosis is shown here?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What type of necrosis is shown here?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What type of necrosis is shown here?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What type of necrosis is shown here?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the major distinctions between necrosis and apoptosis? |
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Definition
necrosis - accidental, enlarged (swelling); pathologic (many cells at a time), triggers inflammation; disrupted cell membrane; leakage of digested cell contents out of cell;
apoptosis - programmed (few cells at a time, with specific enzymes), reduced (shrinkage), may be pathologic or physiologic, does not trigger inflammation (because resultant debris is cleared via MQ's) |
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Term
Distinguish between the following types of hyaline cell accumulations.
[image] |
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Definition
A - MDB
B - Russell Bodies
C - Protien Reabsorption Droplets (notice some protein leakage into the lumen) |
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Term
Identify the following exogenous cellular accumulations.
[image]
E.
[image]
F.
[image]
G. What two types of endogenous accumulations are shown in the two A's below? How are they distinguished from one another in B?
[image] |
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Definition
A. Normal Lung
B. Anthracosis (mild) - carbon
C. Pnumoconiosis - inhaled dust; inflammatory
D. Silicosis - silica
E. Asbestiosis - with asbestos fiber sticking out of MQ
F. Hypercaritenemia
G. Hemosiderin and Lipofuscin - distinguished by adding Prussian blue = blue hemosiderin granules. |
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Term
| Distinguish between dystrophic and metastatic calcification. |
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Definition
dystrophic - in damaged/dying tissue; not associated with high blood Ca2+ levels
metastatic - normal tissue; due to high blood Ca2+ |
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Term
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Definition
| apoptosis (single cells affected at a time) |
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Term
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Definition
| coagulative (most common type from hypoxia) |
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Term
Define:
- Karyohexis
- Karyolysis
- Pyknosis |
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Definition
- nuclear fragmentation
- disappearance of nuclear material
- nuclear condensation and reduced size |
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Term
| Distinguish between the extrinsic pathway and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. |
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Definition
extrinsic - death receptors involved
intrinsic - mitochondrial |
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Term
| What are ghost cells (seen only in enzymatic fat necrosis)? |
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Definition
| cells fille with pink necrotic debris but have lost their peripheral nuclei |
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Term
| Which hypoxia-induced type of necrosis involves formation of cysts? |
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Definition
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Term
| List the three purposes of inflammation. |
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Definition
- containment of injury
- elimination of offending agent
- repair of damaged tissue |
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Term
| List the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation. |
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Definition
heat
redness
swelling
pain
loss of function
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Term
| What are the two phases of vascular permeability during inflammation? Which chemical mediators stimulate the two phases? |
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Definition
[image]
immediate: histamine
delayed: cytokines |
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Term
| Distinguish between transudate and exudate. |
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Definition
transudate: low in protein and low in cells; non-inflammatory
exudate: rich in protein and cells; inflammatory; includes firbin |
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Term
| List the 4 major functions of fibrin in the inflammatory response. |
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Definition
1. blood clotting
2. confinement of inflammatory agent
3. recruitment of neutrophils
4. scaffold for healing |
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Term
| Which leukocyte predominates in tissues during the first 1-2 days of an inflammatory response, and which predominate after? |
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Definition
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Term
| Serous, fibrinous, and purulent infections are all what major type of inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nonsuppurative and granulomatous exudate belongs to what major type of inflammation? |
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Definition
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Term
Distinguish between acute and chronic inflmmation with regard to:
- color
- consistency
- fibrin vs. fibrous
- hyperemia and edema
- prominent leuocytes
- degeneration and necrosis vs. necrosis + atrophy, hyper(trophy/plasia), (meta/dis)plasia |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 4 plasma-derived protease cascades. |
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Definition
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Term
To which pathway do the following arachidonic acid metabolites belong to and what are their sources and functions?
- thromboxane A2
- prostacyclin
- prostagalndins
- lipoxins
- leukotrienes
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Definition
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Term
List the 3 functions of NO.
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Definition
vasoDILATION
inhibition of platelet aggregation and leukocyte recruitment
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Term
| What is the active role of endothelial cells in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
| leukocyte adhesion; contraction in response to histamne (increased leakage); synthesis of NO and prostacyclin; hemostasis and healing (angiogenesis) |
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Term
| What is the active role of platelets in the inflammatory response? |
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Definition
pro-inflammatory:
granules (seratonin- leakage and vasoDILATION; fibrinogen - hemostasis, leukocyte recriutment, healing)
thromboxane A2 - aggregation and vasoCONSRTICTION |
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Term
| What is the active role of mast cells in the acute inflammatory response? |
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Definition
granules (histamine - leakage, vasoDILATION); heparin - anticoagulant)
cytoplasmic factors (chemokines - eosinophil recruitment)
bridges vascular and cellular events |
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Term
| What is the active role of neutrophils in the acute inflammatory response? |
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Definition
primary granules (myeloperoxidase (MPO) - combine with phagosome to kill bacteria)
secondary granules (metalloproteinase - ECM degradation to allow cell-movement through tissue)
phagosome - NADPH oxidase at membrane to kill bacteria via formation of bacteriocidal ROS)
[image] |
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Term
| Distinguish between abscess, empyema, and pustule. |
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Definition
abscess - focal accumulation of pus
empyema - pus in body cavity
pustule - focal accumulation of pus in epidermis
(pus: necrotic debris and neutrophils) |
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Term
Which leukocyte drives the following repair processes?
- phagocytosis of cellular and tissue debris
- fibroblast migration and collagen synthesis
- angiogenesis and neovascularization
- tissue remodeling (via proteinases) |
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Definition
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Term
| Distinguish between granulomatous exudate and a granuloma. |
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Definition
granulomatous exudate: dominated by macrophages
granuloma: actual nodular aggegrate of macrophages |
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Term
| Which chemical mediator, produced primarily by MQ's, may lead to systemic shock? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are soluble peptides, which are secreted by mature cells, that influence proliferation, differentiation, and migration known as? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cyclins and CDKs? |
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Definition
Cyclins - phase-specific factors that bind to CDKs at the 2 checkpoints of the cell cycle.
CDKs - phophorylate and thereby activate proteins critical to phase transition during the cell cycle. |
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Term
| List the 2 fibrous structural proteins that comprise the ECM. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
core protein + GAG (glycoaminoglycan) side chains
e.g.: (heparin/chondroitin/dermatin) sulfate |
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Term
| In which phase of healing do macrophaes play a dominant role? And what is this role? |
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Definition
inflammatory phase
- phagocytosis of necrotic debris
- overall direction of healing (neovascularization, fibroblast attraction and activation, ECM synthesis and remodeling) |
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Term
| In which phase of healing do neovascularization and ECM synthesis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is granulation tissue and what changes occur in the type of collagen as the healing tissue matures? |
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Definition
granulation tissue - young, vascular, edematous, immature fibrous CT
As healing matures, Type III---->Type I occurs |
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Term
| During which phase of the healing process do MMP's (matrix metalloproteinases) act? And what is the role they play in the healing process? |
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Definition
| remodeling phase - degrade ECM components |
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Term
| Distinguish between wound contraction and contracture of the remodeling phase of healing. |
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Definition
contraction: myofibroblast-mediated wound closing
contracture: excessive wound contraction |
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Term
| Distinguish between first and second intention healing. |
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Definition
first intention: occurs in wounds with minimal tissue loss, with apposable edges, rapid, forms a small scar (minimal granulation)
second intention: in wounds with significant tissue loss, non-apposable edges, slow, forms large scar (significant granulation)
[image] |
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Term
| What is the role of hyaluronic acid during the early inflammatory phase of healing? |
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Definition
| increases fluidity of tissue to allow cell movement through ECM (so is one ECM component that does not contribute to tensile strength) |
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Term
| Distinguish between the genetic conditions of keloids, exuberant granulation tissue, and desmoids in the process of healing. |
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Definition
keloids - scar tissue that grows beyond boundaries of original wound
exuberant granulation tissue - excessive granulation tissue extends above skin surface and impedes re-epithelialization
desmoids - excessive proliferation of fibroblasts; borders on neoplasia |
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Term
| List signs of irreversible cell injury. |
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Definition
| signs of necrosis: nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis), loss of cell membrane integrity (leakage of cell contents, unrestricted Ca2+ entry) |
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