Term
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Definition
| the study of the classification, structure, and fuction of joints. |
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Term
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Definition
| the junction or pivot point between two or more bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| a junction between bones that allows slight to essentially no movement. |
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Term
| What is the fuction of synarthrodial joints? |
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Definition
| To strongly bind and transfer forces between bones. |
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Term
| what are the 2 types of synarthrodial joints? |
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Definition
| Fibrous and Cartilaginous joints. |
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Term
| what are fibrous joints made out of? what is the fuction? |
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Definition
| Dense connective tissue with high concentration of collagen. Directly unites bone to bone. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Give examples of fibrous joints |
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Definition
| Sutures of skull, teeth, distal tibiofibular, ect. |
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Term
| what is cartilaginous joints composed of? What do they do? |
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Definition
| Flexible fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage. They directly unite bone to bone creating a bone-cartilage-bone interface. |
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Term
| Give an example of cartilaginous joints |
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Definition
| symphysis pubis, interbody joints of spine, manubriosternal joint |
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Term
| what is a diarthrodial (synovial) joints? Describe their fuction. |
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Definition
| An articulation that allows moderate to extensive motion. Ends of the bony components are free to move in relation to one another because no connective tissue directly connects adjacent bony surfaces. |
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Term
| what are the 7 elements ALWAYS associated with diarthrodial joints? |
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Definition
articular cartilage
joint or articular capsule
synovial membrane
synovial fluid
capsular ligaments
blood vessels
and sensory nerves |
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Term
| What is the location and the fuction of articular cartilage? What |
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Definition
| covers ends of bones and protects bones. |
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Term
| what is the joint or articular capsule and what is it composed of? |
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Definition
| Encloses joint and is composed of 2 layers: external or fibrous layer with dense C.T. and internal layer (aka synovial memebrane) |
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Term
| what are the cells of the synovial membrane called and what do they produce? |
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Definition
| Synoviocytes, produce hyalurinic acid (type of GAG) and lubricin. |
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Term
| what is the Synovial fluid composed of? what is it's fuction? and what is it's relationtion with velocity and temperature? |
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Definition
| It is compused of hyalurinoic acid and lubricin. It provides lubrication. And it inversely relaties with joint velocity and temperature. |
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Term
| Where and what is the fuction of capsular ligaments? |
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Definition
| External layer of capsule and stabilization of joint. |
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Term
| Where does the blood suppy penetrate the joint? what does that mean for healing? |
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Definition
| Only in the junction of fibrous capsule and synovial membrane. Does not have good supply therefore the healing is slow. |
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Term
| where are sensory nerves located in the joint? what are its fuctions? |
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Definition
| In the articular cartilage, and supply pain and proprioception receptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| fibrocartilage pads that increase articular congruency and disperse forces |
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Term
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Definition
| deepens the concave memeber of the joint; supports and thickens the attachment of the joint capsule |
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Term
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Definition
| thicken jt capsule, fill recesses, absorb force; decreases synovial fluid volume needed |
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Term
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Definition
| filled with synovial fluid and protect periarticular C.T., including bone |
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Term
| Synovial Plicae; what does plicae mean? |
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Definition
| Folds. Increases synovial surface and allow full motion without applying tension on the synovial lining; occur normally in joints with large capsular surfaces areas |
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Term
| what would happen if synovial plicae enlarges |
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Definition
| if excessivelly large or inflamed and thickened, can be painful and alter jt mechanics |
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Term
| Name the synnovial joints (7) and explain the DoF, motion, and an example. |
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Definition
Hinge joint- 1, elbow joint
Pivot Joint- circumduction, priximal radioulnar joint
Ellipsoid Joint- 2, convex elongated surface in one dimension of one bone with a similarly enlongaged concave suraface (cannot rotate)
Ball-and-Socket Joint- 3, large convex surface and large concave are cup like and symmetrical, allowing for spinning motion, shoulder and hip
Plane joint- 2, flat surfaces move against each other by slidding or rotating, intercarpal joints
Saddle Joints- 2, the end of each bone is bot hconvex and concave and at right angles to each other, sternoclavicular joint
Condyloid Joint- 2 (3rd restricted by ligament or body part), like ball-and-socket but concave memeber is relatively shallow |
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Term
| What are the simplying classification of synovial joints? why is it difficult to do this? |
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Definition
| Ovoid Joint(one side convex and other) and Saddle joint(end of each bone is curved in 2 directions, covex and concave). Because joint shave similar shapes but dissimilar fuctions and/or magnitude motion. Also, plannar joints do not fit this scheme. |
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Term
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Definition
| an imaginary line extending through a joint around which rotation occurs (aka pivot point or the center of rotation) |
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Term
| Describe the axis of roation during movement? what memeber of the joint is the axis USUALLY through? |
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Definition
| During movement the axis of rotation constantly changes.The Convex memeber. |
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Term
| What is the changing axis through motion called? what is the path of rotation called? |
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Definition
| Instantaneous axis of rotation, evolute. |
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Term
| what are the four primary tissues of the body? |
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Definition
Connective Tissue (basic structe of joints)
Muscle, nerve, and epithelium |
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Term
| What are the fundamental materials that form connective tissues within joints fibrous proteins |
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Definition
| Fibrous proteins, ground substances, and cells |
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Term
| what is the fibrous proteins made out of? Describe each. |
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Definition
Collage:
Type I: thick and rigged fibers that elongate little when stretched. (e.g. tendons, ligaments, fascia, fribrous joint capsules)
Type II: Provides framework for maintaining general shape/ consistency of structures. Thinner and less tnesile strength, more flexible. Found in hyaline articular cartilage and nuclesou pulposus.
Elastin:
net-like interweaving of smallfibers that resist tensile forces but have more give than collagen when elongated.
Tissues with hight concentration of elastin readily return to orignal shape after stretched.
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Term
| What are ground substances? |
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Definition
water-saturated matrix or gel embedding collagen and elastin structures.
Exp. Gycosaminoglycans (GAGs)- Highly branched and negatively charged (hydrophilic)
Water |
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Term
| what is the fuction of cells in C.t? what type of cells are present in C.T. |
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Definition
Maintenance, repair, synthesize specialized ground substance
Fibroblasts- primary cells within ligaments, tendons, other supportive periarticular structures
Chondrocytes- primary cells within hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of pariarticular connective tissues in all joints? |
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Definition
| Dense connetive tissue, articular cartilage, and fibrocartilage |
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Term
| where is Dense Connective tissue found, what is it made out of, and what is the purpose? |
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Definition
| External layer of capsule, ligaments, and tendons. Made mostly of type 1 collage. Resists tnesion, protect and bind joint, transfer forces between muscle and bone. |
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Term
| where is articular cartilage found, what is it made out of, and what is its purpose? |
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Definition
Hyaline cartilage (covering end of bones in synovial joints). High proportion of type II collagen, high proteoglycan content.
Distributes and absorbs joint forces (compression and shear) and reduces joint friction. |
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Term
| name the regions of articular cartilage in order of thickness (thinnest to thickest) |
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Definition
| Superficial tangential zone, middle zone, deep zone, calcified zone (joins deep zone to underlying subchondral bone) |
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Term
| what is the articular cartilage tidemark? why is it important? |
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Definition
| It is the edge of calcified zone abutting subchondral bone. Important because of its ability to adequately withstand loads, good for growth, aging, injury, and healing |
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Term
where is Fibrocartilage found, what is it made out of, and what is its purpose?
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Definition
| Menisci (knee), labra (hip, glenohumeral), discs. Made out of high proportion of type 1 collagen. It supports and mechanically stabilizes joints, dissipates loads across multiple planes, and guides arthorknematics. |
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Term
| What are bones made out of, and what is its function. |
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Definition
Made up of type 1 collage, calcium deposits, and other minerals.
Resists deformation, support system, and provides levers for movement. |
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Term
| What are the factors that affect connective tissue? Explain each. |
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Definition
Bood supply: minimal supply (healing is poor) in fibrocartilage discs and articular cartilage aka joints. Good supply, such as in bones, provide nutrion and goo healing/ repair.
Age: Lower repar rate and GAG replacement with age.
Immobilization: Loss of mass and decrease in the number and size of fibers occurs with immobilations. |
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Term
| what helps decrease the negative effects of the factors on C.T |
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Definition
| proper nutrition and movement |
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