Term
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Definition
is a reversible, structural, or functional response both to normal or physiologic conditions and to adverse or pathologic conditions
All forms of disease begin with alterations in cells; therefore cells must adapt to their environment to escape and protect themselves from injury |
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Term
| Most Significant Adaptive Changes |
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Definition
| atrophy, hypertrophy hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia |
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Term
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Definition
Decrease in cellular size. Occurs when work decreases or there are adverse conditions present.
Can be REVERSIBLE with exercise and if nerves can be reconnected (broken appendage, denervation (muscle on a paralyzed limb), lack of endocrine stimulation (post-menopause) |
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Term
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Definition
increase in cell size. Occurs when workload is increased. REVERSIBLE.
Especially seen in cardiac and skeletal muscle, which cannot reproduce through mitosis; therefore must work harder.
EXAMPLES: heart enlargement (cardiomegaly) in high blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| is an increase in the number of normal cells resulting from an increased rate of cellular division (mitosis) |
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Term
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Definition
| breast and uterine enlargement during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| regeneration of certain organs such as the liver, bone marrow, epidermal and intestinal epithelia |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal increase in number of cells such as endometriosis |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal changes in the size, shape, and organization of mature cells. Can be caused by chronic irritation, especially in epithelial tissues (respiratory tract and cervix). Can be REVERSIBLE but on IF IRRITATION is removed. Strongly implicated as a precursor to cancer. |
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Term
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Definition
| the REVERSIBLE replacement of one mature cell type by another, sometimes less differentiated cell. Usually in response to chronic irritation - chronic bronchitis from cigarette smoke. Squamous cells replace columnar cells, which better withstand irritation. |
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Definition
| occurs when cell is no longer able to maintain homeostasis |
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Term
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Definition
| lack of sufficient oxygen; single most common cause of cellular injury |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoxic cellular injury due to reduced blood supply (arteriosclerosis - gradual narrowing of the arteries) |
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Term
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Definition
| total lack of oxygen; embolus or blood clot |
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Term
| Cellular responses to hypoxia |
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Definition
not enough oxygen for Kreb's Cycle, so turns to anaerobic metabolism.
Decrease in ATP causes failure of Sodium Potassium pump and cellular swelling |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when highly reactive and unstable substances (free radicals) with an unpaired electron causes cell damage by entering into a reaction with cell membranes and nucleic acids.
May arise from natural cellular reactions or from exogenous sources (tobacco)
Especially vulnerable are tissues in which blood flow has been reduced |
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Term
| Causes of cellular injury |
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Definition
mechanical forces, including injury
chemicals- lead, CO
drugs or alcohol
biologic agents - viruses, bacteria, parasites
nutritional imbalances - vitamins and minerals |
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Term
| Cellular Injury from Accumulations |
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Definition
| water, lipids and carbohydrates, glycogen, pigments, calcium, urate |
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Term
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Definition
| sum of cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autophagy |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoxia. Occurs primarily in kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands. Caused by protein denatuation, which causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state |
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Definition
| Hypoxia. Commonly results from ichemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain. Cells are digested by their own hydrolases, so tissue becomes soft, liquefies, and segregates from healthy tissue, forming cysts. Can be caused by a bacterial infection, especially staph, step, and ecoli |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular dissolution caused by lipases that occur in breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs. Necrotic tissue appears opaque and chalk-white. |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually results from Pulmonary TB. Tissues resemble clumped cheese in that they are soft and granular |
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Term
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Definition
| Severe hypoxic injury. Dry and shriveled black, wet-swollen, pungent odor |
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Term
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Definition
| Usually results from Coagulative necrosis. Skin becomes very dry, and shrinks, resulting in wrinkles and the color changes to dark brown or black. |
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Term
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Definition
| Develops when neutrophils invade the site, causing liquefactive necrosis. Usually occurs in internal organs, causing the site to become cold, swollen and black, Foul odor emanates ad can cause death. |
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Term
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Definition
| Active process of self destruction or programmed cell death. Average adult may create and destroy 10 bill cells daily |
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Term
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Definition
| death of an entire person |
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Term
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Definition
| post mortem reduction of temperature. Temp falls gradually then more rapidly after death from 1-1.5 degrees until after 24 hours body is room temp. |
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Term
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Definition
| Gravity causes blood to settle in the most dependent and lowest tissues, resulting in a purple discoloration. Incisions at this time typically fail to bleed. |
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Term
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Definition
| body stiffening, peaking 24-48 hours after death. Gradually diminishes and body becomes flaccid at 36-62 hours as body putrefies. |
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Term
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Definition
| putrefactive changes associated with the release of enzymes and lytic dissolution |
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