Term
|
Definition
| Process by which cells become specialized. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| surrounded by the cytoplasm and generally located in the center of the cell; largest membrane-bound organelle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| basic component of the plasma bi-layer membrane. Responsible for the structural integrity of the membrane. Amphipathic, with a water loving and a water hating component |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| is made from a chain of amino acids, known as polypeptides. There are 20 different types of amino acids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein molecules on the plasma membrane, in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus that can recognize and bind with specific smaller molecules called ligands. |
|
|
Term
| plasma membrane receptors |
|
Definition
| protrude from or are exposed at the external surface of the membrane and are important for cellular uptake of ligands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stable environment needed to regulate cellular growth and division. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chemicals that allow neurons to communicate directly with the cells they innervate |
|
|
Term
| oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| occurs in mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process by which no energy is required to drive water and small, electrically uncharged particles can move easily through a semipermeable barrier; driven by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure and diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of moving large molecules into and out of the cell. Occurs across living membranes and use energy generated by cellular metabolism and have receptors that can recognize and bind with the substance to be transported |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water and dissolved particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composition of body fluids; electrically charged and dissociate into constituent ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of a solute molecule from area of great concentration to area of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The difference between the area of higher concentration and area of lower concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure (force)on one side of the membrane than the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membrane. Partially balanced by osmotic pressure, whereby water moving out of the capillaries is partially balanced by osmotic forces that tend to pull water into the capillaries (blood pressure) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of water down the concentration gradient, requiring that the membrane must be more permeable to water that to solutes and the the concentration of solutes on one side of the membrane must be greater than that on the other side so that water moves more easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures the number of milliosmoles per liter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures the number of milliosmoes per kilogram of water, or the concertation of molecules per weight of water. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| describes the effective osmolality of a solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a lower concentration and is thus more dilute than body fluids (cell cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has a higher concentration (cell shrinks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (passive and active) involves integral or transmembrane proteins with receptors that are highly specific for the substance being transported. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protein transporter moves solute molecules through cellular membranes without expending energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the process of reversing the charge across a cell membrane (usually a NEURON), so causing an ACTION POTENTIAL. In depolarization, the inside of the membrane, which is normally negatively charged, becomes positive and the outside negative. This is brought about by positive sodium ions rapidly passing into the axon. The RESTING POTENTIAL is restored by the SODIUM PUMP mechanism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A new action potential cannot take place until the proper electrical charge across the neuron's membrane is restored. This means that the inside of the cell needs to be negative, while the outside needs to be positive. A cell restores this state, or repolarizes itself, by turning on a protein pump in its membrane. This pump is called the sodium-potassium pump. For every three sodium ions it pumps out of a cell, it pumps in two potassium ions. The pumps do this until the proper charge inside of a cell is reached. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chromosome is a long, stringy aggregate of genes that carries heredity information (DNA) and is formed from condensed chromatin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation is a natural process that changes a DNA sequence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A gene whose protein protein terminates cell proliferation, thereby inhibiting tumor formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of endocytosis sometimes referred to as cell eating in which substances such as bacteria and cell particulates are incorporated into large vesicles or vacuoles and digested |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cellular process that provides energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cellular process that uses energy to synthesize complex molecules from simpler molecules |
|
|
