Term
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Definition
| beta cells, islets of langerhans of the pancreas |
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Term
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Definition
| the body does not properly utilize glucose |
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Term
| cells that dont need insulin to utilize glucose |
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Definition
| liver, red blood cells, brain cells, glucose can enter cells without insulin present |
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Term
| one thing that characterizes any type of diabetes is.. |
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Definition
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Term
| what percent of population has diabetes |
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Definition
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Term
| risk factors for diabetes |
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Definition
| all age group, more prevalent in NA, AA and hispanics, 7th leading cause of death of adults |
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Term
| diabetes is most prevalent in.. |
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Definition
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Term
| what country has the most people with diabetes? |
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Definition
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Term
| sweet smelling urine comes from |
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Definition
| inability of kidneys to retain most sugars, sugars should be zero in urine |
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Term
| diabetes is the number one cause for.. |
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Definition
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Term
| diabetes can cause what in eyes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| autoimmune process, actual destruction of beta cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of insulin resistance, receptor sites on cells become resistant to insulin receptors. |
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Term
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Definition
| diminshed tissue responsiveness to isnulin at one or more points in the insulin pathway, leading to hyperglycemia and then eventually overt diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
| help to reduce the responsiveness to glucose |
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Term
| in type 2 diabetes incretin response is |
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Definition
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Term
| in hpyerglycemia, the liver will inappropriately produce.. |
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Definition
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Term
| type 2 is a combination of |
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Definition
| decreased insulin production and cellurar resistance to insulin |
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Term
| A1c must be greater than what to be diabetic? |
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Definition
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Term
| fasting blood glucose for diabetics |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 70-110, 80-120 fasting glucose |
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Term
| if you have diabetes or not, your glucose will be |
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Definition
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Term
| fasting blood sugar for gestational diabetes |
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Definition
fasting- >92
1 hr- >180 mg
2 hr - >153 |
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Term
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Definition
| polydipsia, polyphagia, polyuria, weight loss, hunger, hyperglycemia |
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Term
| type 1 is most common in people |
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Definition
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Term
| symtpoms of type 1 are due to.. |
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Definition
| an absolute lack of insulin available to cells |
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Term
| w/o treatmeant, type 1 dbts, it progresses to |
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Definition
| diabetic ketoacidosis leading to coma and death |
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Term
| treatment for type 1 dbts |
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Definition
| insulin, diet, and exercise |
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Term
| type 1 dbts patients must receive |
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Definition
| exogenous insulin or they'll die |
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Term
| type 1 dbts- islets cell destruction is influenced by.. |
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Definition
| genetic susceptability autoimmunity, and an environmental insult |
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Term
| in patients with type 1, what is found in islets? |
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Definition
| CD4+ and CD8+ t lymphocyte, 90% have circulating ICA, 10% have other organ specific autoimmune disorders such as graves or addison's |
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Term
| viruses and cows milk are suspected to cause.. |
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Definition
| type 1 dbts, environmental factors |
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Term
| hepatic glucose production is controlled by |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| maintain blood glucose between meals and during periods of fasting |
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Term
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Definition
| opposite of insulin, eg- increases BG level, increases lipolysis |
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Term
| patient with type 1 has lost weight (25 lbs), which must be replaced in order to regain homeostasis? |
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Definition
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Term
| pt with diabetes is complaining of feeling shaking and hungry, treatment is? |
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Definition
| ORAL GLUCOSE! 15 gm of orange juice. (iv glucose is for unconscious patients), (fatty food is slow acting) |
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Term
| Risk factors for type 2 diabetes in children |
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Definition
| low levels of exercise, high fat levels, coke machines |
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Term
| three mechanisms that controlf BG |
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Definition
| insulin secretion, uptake and utilization of glucose by peripheral tissues, glucse production of the liver (glucogynesis) |
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Term
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Definition
| increase glucose/sugar by alpha cells |
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Term
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Definition
| inappropriate production of glucose in liver (continues even when pt isn't eating) |
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Term
| major metabolic defects in type 2 |
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Definition
Peripheral insulin resistance in muscle and fat
Decreased pancreatic insulin secretion
Increased hepatic glucose output
Increased triglyceride levels
Decreased HDL levels
Increased LDL levels |
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Term
| other things that can cause hyperglycemia |
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Definition
| catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) |
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Term
| epinephrine and or norepinephrine raise BG during.. |
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Definition
| stress, fever, surgery, emotional problems, pain |
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Term
| how do catecholamines work on insulin? |
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Definition
| inhibits insulin release, promotes glycogenolysis by stimulating the conversion of muscle and liver glycogen to glucose |
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Term
| glucocorticoid hormones effect blood glucose.. |
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Definition
| stimulate liver to breakdown glycogen to glucose, can moderately decrease tissue use of glucose |
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Term
| GCCH may actually cause.. |
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Definition
| diabtes mellitus in some predisposed persons |
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Term
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Definition
| the "p" polydyspia, polyuria, polyhungry |
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Term
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Definition
Hyperglycemia
Most common over age 40
Acute classical signs of Type 1 rarely are present
Blurred vision, fatigue, paresthesias, skin infections, foot ulcers, vulvovaginitis (yeast) |
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Term
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Definition
| Projected: Beta Cell Failure will most likely eventually occur, requiring insulin injections. |
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Term
| concordance rate between twins for type 1 and type 2 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| individualized, focuses on mild/moderate weight loss, limitation of fat to <30% fat calories, counting carb grams, and protein according to ADA, etc. |
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Term
| REview different types of insulin |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a basal insulin, been around since 50's |
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Term
| no need to know isnulin action profiles |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the vomiting center of the brain located? |
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Definition
| medulla and chemoreceptor center located on the floor of the fourth ventricle and mediates emetic effects of blood borne drugs and toxins |
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Term
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Definition
| small meals, sit upright, avoid foods that lone tone of ESPG sphincter(caffeine, chocolate, fats, alcohol) sleep w head elevated, lose weight, no eating after 5 |
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Term
| 3 types of chronic gastritis.. |
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Definition
| H pylori, autoimmune and chemical gastrothapy |
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Term
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Definition
| diet doesnt play a role, h pylori increases mucosal damage, burning gnawing, cramping, stomach pain, especially when stomach if empty. pain is midline |
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Term
| stress uclers are also called.. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| obese, female, pregnancies, oral contraceptives |
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Term
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Definition
| premature activation of trypsin causes autodigestive process of the pancrease, eventually causing multisystem organ failure |
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Term
| risk factors for acute pancreatitis? |
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Definition
| stones in ducts or alcohol abuse, hyperlipidemia, viral infections, hypercalcemia, surgery and trauma, thiasidine diuretics |
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Term
| HEP A conctracted through.. |
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Definition
| fecal/oral route, contaminated food/water. HEP A available for high risk groups. |
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Term
| HEP B contracted through.. |
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Definition
| blood, semen oral. vaccine widely given and numbers have decreased |
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Term
| HEP C contracted through.. |
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Definition
| blood transmission, rec drug use, semen and tattoos/acupuncture |
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Term
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Definition
| preicteric (symptoms are vague, symptoms are fatigue, dark urine, GI problems), icterus (symptoms worsen along with beginning of jaundice), posticteric (improving symptoms after 2-3 weeks w complete recovery in HEP A in 9 weeks or so) stages |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs, viruses, alcohol, heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| venous blood cannot flow through liver normally |
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Term
| severe liver cirrhosis signs |
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Definition
| severe ascites, peripheral edea, malnutrition, bleeding, portal hypertension, clay colored stools, jaundice, pruritis, endocrine disorders, esophageal varices |
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Term
| what can cause peritonitis? |
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Definition
| diverticulitis and diverticulosis, also due to perforation of the intestines or an ulcer is usual cause |
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Term
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Definition
| RLQ pain, rebound tenderness, elevated WBC, surgery |
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Term
| Bowel obstruction leads to... |
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Definition
| necrosis, perforation, and sepsis! |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 3rd most common cancer in men and women, 2nd leading cause of cancer deaths.. |
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Definition
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Term
| risk factors for colon cancer.. |
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Definition
| >50, family hx, crohns, ulcerative colitis, polyps, high fat, low fiber diet |
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Term
| what seems to prevent colon cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a late symptom of colon cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| symptoms are late and cancer had spread, pain is late sign |
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Term
| colonoscopy should be done every.. |
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Definition
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Term
| hypothalamus and pituitary gland are the.. |
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Definition
| "masters" of the endocrine system |
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Term
| primary endocrine disorder? |
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Definition
| secretion of a hormone is too low, the problem is with the thyroid gland itself, not pituitary |
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Term
| secondary endocrine disorder? |
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Definition
| secretion of another hormone is too low, thereby decreasing the secretion of another hormone (even if gland is fine- thyroid) problem in pituitary instead |
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Term
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Definition
| T3- triidothyronine, T4- thyroxine, T3 and T4 target tissues almost all body systems are affected |
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Term
| major effects of T3 and T4 |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| most common disorder, primary disorder, low secretion of T3and4, decline in metabolic rate |
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Term
| S and S of hypothyroidism |
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Definition
| less metabolic heat generated, weak, sluggish, constipation, decreased cardiac output, increased weight body weight, decreased liver function - rise in blood cholesterol |
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Term
| Sand S of hypothyroidism cont'd |
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Definition
| decreased sex drive, period abnormalities, depression, slower mental processes, fatigue, decreased protein synthesis, fluid retention, puffiness in face/eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| Grave's disease- autoimmune, hypersecretion of TSH from pituitary gland |
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Term
| Graves/THY hyperfunction effects.. |
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Definition
| exaggerated target tissues responses (increased HR) increased metabolic rate, nervousness, irritability, profuse sweating, intolerance of heat, weight loss, goiter, exophthalmos |
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Term
| physical signs of graves.. |
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Definition
| buldging eyes and enlarged thryoid |
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Term
| thyroid storm/crisis is.. |
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Definition
| This is extreme hyperthyroidism, rarely seen because of improved diagnosis and treatment, but life-threatening when it occurs. Immediate and aggressive medical attention is required. |
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Term
| hyper function of adrenal cortical hormones causes |
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Definition
| increased cortisol and hypercorticolism |
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Term
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Definition
| resulting from excess ACTH from pituitary/ pit adenoma |
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Term
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Definition
| hyper functioning of the adrenal cortex (such as a tumor that is hypersecreting cortisol) |
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Term
| manifestations of excess cortisol.. |
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Definition
| weight gain, with big belly, fatty deposits in face upper thoracic, high glucose blood levels, protein wasting- thin arms and legs, decreased healing increased bruising |
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Term
| more clinical manifestations of excess coritsol |
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Definition
| stretch marks, significant anti inflammatory affect, mental or emotional changes, depression euphoria, inability to sleep |
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Term
| hyperaldosteronism causes.. |
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Definition
| primary: aldosterone secreting adenoma, secondary: renal ischemia which activeates the renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism |
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Term
| effects of hyperaldosteronism... |
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Definition
| renal retention of sodium and water, loss of potassium.. |
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Term
| signs of hyperaldosteronism |
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Definition
| hypertension and electrolyte imbalances.. up NA, down K |
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Term
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Definition
| adrencortical hypOsecretion- cortisol insufficiency |
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Term
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Definition
a. Destructive process, usually autoimmune
b. hypothalamic or pituitary disease
c. drug (steroid) induced inhibition of ACTH |
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Term
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Definition
a. Slowly developing weakness and fatigue
b. Appetite and weight loss
c. Characteristic pigmentation excess
d. Little ability to secrete cortisol - Highly vulnerable to stress |
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Term
| cortisol is necessary for.. |
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Definition
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Term
| main job of Parathyroid glands.. |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| plasma calcium concentration: low calcium concentration equals PTH secretion increased, high calcium concentration equals PTH secretion decreased |
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Term
| PTH secretion results in.. |
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Definition
| calcium from body stores (bones) and diet moving into the blood stream |
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Term
| hyperparathyroidism caused by.. |
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Definition
| benign or malignant tumors of parathyroid, hyperplasia of gland |
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Term
| effects of hyperparathyroidism.. |
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Definition
| loss of bone calcium from excessive osteoclast activity, HYPERCALCEMIA |
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Term
| signs of hyperparathyroidism.. |
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Definition
| bone weakness predisposes to bone pain, deformity and fracture. muscular and neurologic symptoms, kidney stone formation |
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Term
| hypoparathyroidism caused by |
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Definition
| removal of parathyroid glands during thyroid and other neck surgery, gland destruction from various causes |
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Term
| effect of hypoparathyroidism.. |
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Definition
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Term
| signs of hypoparathyroidism.. |
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Definition
| increased neuromuscular excitability (important), cardiac effects and c. skeletal effects ( if deficiency is long term |
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Term
| what is trousseau's sign.. |
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Definition
| example of clinical manifestations in hypocalcemia |
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Term
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Definition
| syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, TOO MUCH ADH |
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Term
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Definition
| marked water retention, with hyponatremia, low Na serum, urine specific gravity will be HIGH |
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Term
| diabetes insipidus is caused by.. |
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Definition
| inadequate ADH production, caused by cancer abscesses meningitis?, radiation/surgical injury, severe head injuries |
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Term
| diabetes insipidus causes.. |
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Definition
| inability to reabsorb water by kidneys |
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Term
| manifestations of diabetes insipidus |
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Definition
| polyuria, instense thirst and polydipsia, dryness of mouth and skin, urine pale and dilute, serum sodium? |
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Term
| adrenal medulla hypersecretion |
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Definition
| pheochromocytoma, caused by benign tumor |
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Term
| effects of adrenal medulla hypersecretion.. |
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Definition
| excess catecholamine secretion (epinephrine and noreprinephrine) |
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Term
| signs of adrenal medulla hypersecretion.. |
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Definition
| hypertension, headaches, heavy perspiration, tachycardia, and anxiety due to unregulated surges in catecholamine output |
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Term
| Which is the active form T3 or T4? |
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Definition
T4: helps with metabolism, has a free state that allows itself to enter cells and release effects “active form”, and it's these levels that are measured by lab test to understand the function of the thyroid
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