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abnormal mass of proliferating cells
serves no useful purpose but tends to increase in size and persist at the expense of the rest of the body (tumor) |
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don't spread by infiltration of tissue
**not cancerous |
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| invade or grow at distant sites and destroy heat tissue |
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| involve the blood and lymph systems and are disseminated diseases from the beginning |
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| What suffix are tumors identified by? |
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oma
**the name of the tissue from which the growth originated |
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| tumor of glandular epithelial tissue |
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cancer confined to the organ of origin
tissue most resembles normal tissue |
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| cancer that is locally invasive |
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| cancer that has spread to regional structures such as lymph nodes |
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cancer that has spread to distant sites
tissue least resembles normal tissue |
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| Two basic characteristics of neoplasms |
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Definition
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| disregard of cancerous tissue for normal limitations of growth |
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| loss of cell differentiation and function |
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| Abnormalities in cell replication |
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Definition
| polyploidy and aneuploidy |
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| cell division that results in more than two cells |
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| refers to abnormal cell division in which daughter cell receives an uneven number of chromosomes |
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| substances produced by cancer cells found on tumor plasma membranes or in blood, spinal fluid, or urine |
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| telomeres and immortality |
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| normally cells divide only limited number of times before they die or cease to divide |
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| protective caps on chromosomes and maintained by enzyme telomerase |
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| mutant genes that in their normal nonmutant state direct synthesis of proteins that positively regulate (accelerate) proliferation |
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| encode proteins that in their normal state negatively regulate (stop/slow down) proliferation |
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Definition
duplication of small piece of a chromosome over and over again
results in increased expression of oncogene |
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Definition
slow cell cycle, inhibit proliferation from growth signals and stop cell division
must be inactivated to allow cancer to occur
both genes must be affected |
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| hepatocellular carcinoma, burkitt lymphoma, kaposi sarcoma |
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| oral contraceptives, estrogen, progesterone |
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| Environmental risk factors |
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Definition
| tobacco use, diet, alcohol, air pollution, occupational hazards, UV radiation, ionizing radiation, sexual and reproductive behaviors |
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Definition
invasion of surrounding tissue
enhanced by: cellular multiplication, mechanical invasion, lytic enzymes, decreased cell adhesion, increased motility |
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| Three-Step Theory of Invasion |
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Definition
Tumor cell attachment to the attachment
Degradation or dissolution of the matrix
Locomotion into the matrix |
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Term
| Tumor cell attachment to the matrix |
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Definition
mediated by attachment factors such as fibronectin and laminin
**allows attachment to basement membrane |
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Term
| Degradation or dissolution of the matrix |
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Definition
| anchored tumor cells produce proteolytic enzymes to degrade the attachment proteins and collagenous proteins |
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Term
| Locomotion into the matrix |
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Definition
pseudopodia extend from the tumor cell and facilitate movement by attaching to blood vessel walls that cross basement membrane
allow cells to go from blood to new place |
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Definition
direct or continuous extension of local invasion of tumor cells into surrounding tissue
penetration into lymphatics, blood vessels, or body cavities
release into lymph or blood
transport to secondary sites
entry and growth into secondary sites |
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Definition
| determines size of tumor, degree to which it has invaded, extent to which it has spread |
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Term
| Most common system used for metastasis staging? |
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Definition
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| usually not found in early stages of disease but affects 60% to 80% of individuals in terminal stages |
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| What are the mechanisms causing pain? |
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Definition
| pressure, obstruction, invasion of sensitive structures, stretching of visceral surfaces, tissue destruction, and inflammation |
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| possibly caused by sleep disturbances, biomechanical changes, psychosocial factors, level of activity, nutritional status |
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| mechanisms causing it include chronic bleeding resulting in iron deficiency, severe malnutrition, medical therapies, or malignancy in blood-forming organs |
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| What causes granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia? |
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| What's leukopenia the result of? |
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Definition
| chemotherapy and radiotherapy |
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Definition
cause of complications and death in individuals with malignancy
reduction in immunological function as well as immunosuppression from chemotherapy and radiotherapy leads to increased susceptibility to infection |
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Definition
| chemotherapy, radiation, surgery, immunotherapy |
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| Side Effects of Cancer Treatment |
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Definition
| GI tract, bone marrow, hair and skin loss, reproductive tract--sterilize |
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