Term
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Definition
| obstruction of urine flow causing dilatation of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney and atrophy of kidney parenchyma |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction occuring in ureter so it is dilated above the point of obstruction |
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Term
| What does reduced urine flow lead to? |
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Definition
| calculus formation and infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| infection extending to renal tubules |
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Term
| What does infection cause? |
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Definition
| flank pain, fever, and pus in urine |
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Term
| How are renal stones formed? |
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Definition
| salts in urine form a percipitate |
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Term
| What is the most common renal stone? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are uric acid stones caused by? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| large stone that fills the renal pelvis completely blocking the flow of urine |
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Term
| What are the manifestations of renal stones? |
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Definition
pain, frequently accompanied by nausea and vomiting
hematuria may be present |
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Term
| What can partially dissolve renal stones? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| crushing of kidney stones with a laser is preferred method today |
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Term
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Definition
refers to an acute suppression of renal function
mortality about 60% |
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Term
| What are possible causes of acute renal failure? |
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Definition
| hypovolemia, septicemia, heart failure, interruption of renal blood flow due to surgery |
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Term
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Definition
| obstruction of the urinary system at any point from the renal calyces to the urinary meatus |
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Term
| What is the most frequent problem with postrenal conditions? |
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Definition
| prostatic hypertrophy (in males) |
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Term
| What else can cause postrenal conditions? |
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Definition
| ureteral obstruction in persons with only one functioning kidney |
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Term
| What's acute renal failure mark? |
|
Definition
| impairment in elimination of nitrogenous wastes, water, and electrolytes |
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Term
|
Definition
damage is marginal and kidneys remain functional
clinical symptoms may be detected only at times of stress
renal function declines to 75% |
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Term
|
Definition
75% of functional renal tissue has been destroyed
glomerular filtration rate is decreased approximately 25% accompanied by increases in BUN and serum creatinine |
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Term
| What does tubular-interstitial damage often cause? |
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Definition
increase in elimination of urine as ability to conserve water and sodium declines
increase in noturnal output of urine to 700 ml or more |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory disease of kidney pelvis and parenchymal area that is ususally caused by bacterial infection |
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Term
| What is the organisms that causes pyelonephritis? |
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Definition
| gram-negative rod (coliform) bacteria |
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Term
|
Definition
inflammation of glomerulus
most significantly affected in basement membrane, resulting in alterations in filtration of blood to form tubular fluids |
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Term
|
Definition
| inflammatory and necrotizing disease involving medium-sized and small arteries throughout the body |
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Term
| progressive systemic sclerosis |
|
Definition
| characterized by diffuse sclerosis of skin and other organs |
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Term
| polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
| characterized by presence of bilaterally enlarged and cyst-filled kidneys |
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Term
| infantile polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
inherited as autosomal recessive trait
kidneys are nonfunctional at birth and fetuses are stillborn |
|
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Term
| adult polycystic kidney disease |
|
Definition
fiarily commong, affecting 1 in 500 persons
autosomal dominant trait |
|
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Term
| What adult polycystic kidney disease characterized by? |
|
Definition
enlarged, palpable, cyst-filled kidneys which can reach size of football
usually gives rise to signs of renal failure during 30s and 40s |
|
|
Term
| What's a common early symptom of adult polycystic kidney disease? |
|
Definition
| dull, aching pain of abdomen or back |
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Term
|
Definition
systemic acidosis due to inability to excrete an acid urine
may result from disease of proximal tubual or distal tubule
autosomal dominant inheritance |
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Term
| What are symptoms of renal tubular acidosis? |
|
Definition
| bone pain due to osteomalacia, renal colic due to nephrocalcinosis or calculi, and weakness due to hypokalemia |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the primary symptoms of uremia? |
|
Definition
| noted when kidneys are unable to sustain their critical role in maintanence of homeostasis |
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Term
| What's hyperkalemia further aggravated by? |
|
Definition
development of acidosis
as plasma concentration of hydrogen ions increases, hydrogen shifts into tntracellular fluid in exchange for potassium |
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Term
| What the accumulation in ECF of fluids often aggravated by? |
|
Definition
| release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells |
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Term
| What is progressively lost as normal functioning is diminished? |
|
Definition
| ability to selectively monitor acid-base balance |
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Term
|
Definition
uric acid accumulates excessively in the plasma
unable to be excreted, uric acid will often be deposited abnormally as salt crystals in joints and soft tissue (gout) |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability to efficiently excrete wastes of nitrogen metabolism is accompained by characteristic increase in plasma levels of urea, creatinine, phenols, and guanidines |
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Term
| What are the secondary symptoms of uremia? |
|
Definition
| generally develop in response to fluid-electrolyte and acid-base imbalances |
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Term
|
Definition
largely by inabiliy of diseased nephron to produce sufficient erthropoietin
condition is enhanced by existing toxic fluid environment, which promotes early breakdown of rbcs |
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Term
|
Definition
arise secondary to fluid retention
associated elevations in ECF volume can increase workload of heart |
|
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Term
| What will happen if myrocardial muscle is sufficiently stressed? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| disorder due to inadequte deposit of calcium in bone tissue |
|
|
Term
| What's osteomalcia caused by? |
|
Definition
| deficiency of vitamin D normaly activated by kidney |
|
|
Term
| What is Vitamin D essential for? |
|
Definition
| absorption of calcium out of GI tract into blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| manifested as banded or striped appearance of vertebrae on x-ray due to alternate bands of decreased and increased bone density |
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