Term
| What's normal rate of respiration? |
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Definition
16-18 per minute
one breath about every four heart beats |
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Term
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Definition
| relationship to breathing |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase in rate and depth of respiration |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally slow respiratory rate |
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Term
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Definition
| ventilation in excess of that needed to maintain a normal level of arterial PCO2 |
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Term
| What are vesicular breath sounds a result of? |
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Definition
| air moving through the bronchioles and alveoli |
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Term
| What are rales and rhonchi? |
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Definition
| abnormal sounds that result from passage of air through secretions in the lung or passage of air moving through narrowed air passages |
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Term
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Definition
| breathing pattern in which there are periods of apnea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| type of period breathing characterized by period of slowing waxing and waning respirations, seperated by period of apnea that lasts up to 30 seconds |
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Term
| What are the two types of disease conditions that cause predisposition to Cheyne-Stoke breathing? |
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Definition
congestive heart failure
impaired function of the breat centers regulating the feedback mechanisms that control respiration |
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Term
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Definition
subjective sensation of difficulty in breathing
related to the work or effort of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
occurs primarily when there is obsturction of the trachea or large airways
often accompanied by a low-pitched crowing sound (stridor) and retraction of the chest structures |
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Term
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Definition
associated with obstruction of the bronchioles and smaller bronchi
causes prologonation of the expiratory phase of respiration and may be accompanied by wheezing or whistling sound and bulging of the intercostal spaces due to air trapping |
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Term
| How much sputum does a normal adult produce each day? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does yellow sputum mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the presence of verdoperoxidase in sputum mean? |
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Definition
| stagnant pus to turn green |
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Term
| What does frothy blood-tinged sputum mean? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| coughing up blood-tinged sputum |
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Term
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Definition
| change in shape of tips of fingers and toes, characterized by bulbous appearance |
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Term
| What's the most common cause of digital clubbing? |
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Definition
| pulmonary disease--70-80% |
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Term
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Definition
| bluish coloration of skin and mucous membranes which develops as a result of increase in absolute amount of reduced hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| When is cyanosis detected? |
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Definition
| not until absolute amount of reduced hemoglobin is 5g/100 ml |
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Term
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Definition
| results from insufficient oxygenation of hemoglobin in lungs and most easily observed on face, lips, and earlobes |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when severly reduced blood flow causes a great reduction in venous saturation, therby turning an area blue
may result from cardiac insufficiency, obstruction of blood flow, or vasoconstriction to cold temperatures |
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Term
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Definition
| values of PaO2 which are abnormally low in arterial blood and is frequently associated wtih hypoxia, or inadequate tissue oxygenation |
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Term
| What's are common causes of hypoxia? |
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Definition
an abnormal ventilation/perfusion ratio
decreased oxygen content of inspired air
hypoventilation
diffusion abnormalities
pulmonary right-to-left shunt |
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Term
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Definition
excess water in the lung
due to changes in pressures at capillary-alveolar membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| collapse of alveoli due to lack of surfactant or to airway obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
obstruction of airway prevents air from entering alveoli distal to obstruction
bronchus can be obstructed by mucus plug that forms within airway
air in alveoli is slowly absorbed into the bloodstream |
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Term
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Definition
| results from external pressure due to fluid, tumor mass, exudate or other cause in area surrounding airway |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal dilatation of the bronchioles associated with chronic necrotizing infectino of the bronchi |
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Term
| What are the causes of bronchiectasis? |
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Definition
| congenital abnormalities, cystic fibrosis, immunologic deficiencies, respiratory tract infections, and exposure to corrosive gases |
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Term
| What is bronchiectasis characterized by? |
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Definition
| infection and obstruction of bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the clinical manifestations with bronchiectasis? |
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Definition
| severe cough and recurrent broncho-pulmonary infectino with excessive production of purulent sputum |
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Term
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Definition
hereditary disease transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait
affects 1 in 2000 children |
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Term
| What cystic fibrosis characterized by? |
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Definition
elevation of sweat electrolytes, pancreatic insufficiency, and chronic lung disease
excessive sodium and chloride in sweat |
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Term
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Definition
| mucus plugs can result in total obsturciton of an airway |
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Term
| What can pleural abnormalities restrict? |
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Definition
| expansion of lungs, alveoli, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of air or gas in pleural cavity, resulting in collapse of lung on affected side |
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Term
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Definition
surgical procedure sometimes used in treatment of TB or following pneumonectomy
involves injection of measured amounts of air into pleural cavity to collapse lung and immobilize it while healing takes place |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of fluid in pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| collection of blood in pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| presence of lymph in pleural cavity |
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Term
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Definition
causes marked loss of lung compliance
excessive amount of connective tissue in lung
may follow any disease process of lung which produces inflammation or necrosis (coal, mold hay, etc.) |
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Term
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Definition
| disorders affecting medullary respiratory center |
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Term
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Definition
backward and lateral curvature of spine
severe shows marked asymmetry of chest and leads to abnormal functioning and positioning of respiratory muscles and to compression of lungs |
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Term
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Definition
funnel chest
congenital malformation of chest wall characterized by pronounced funnel-shaped depression with its apex over lower end of sternum
caused by shortening of central portion of diaphragm, which pulls sternum backward during inhalation, and by growth of ribs
decreases ability of child to engage in sustained exercise |
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Term
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Definition
| surgical removal of ribs, allowing chest wall to collapse a diseased lung |
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Term
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Definition
symmetrical reduction in mobility of bony thorax as result of ossification of vertebral joints and ligaments
mild ventilatory restriction |
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Term
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Definition
rib fracture, flail chest
ventilatory restriction of tidal volume, increased respiratory rate and frequency, inhibition of cough |
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Term
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Definition
association of extreme obestiy, hypersomnia, polycythemia, chornic alveolar hypoventilation and excessive appetite
respiratory problems are caused by increased work of ventilation in moving ponderous thorax and abdomen |
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Term
| respiratory insufficiency |
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Definition
| condition in which respiratory function is inadequate to meet body needs during exertion |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to a PO2 level of 50 mm Hg or less, and hypercapnia to a PCO2 level greater than 50 mm Hg |
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Term
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Definition
| blood oxygen levels insufficient to meet oxidative requirements |
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Term
| What are compensatory mechanisms of hypoxemia? |
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Definition
| tachycardia, anxiety, peripheral vasoconstriction, diaphoresis, and mild increase in blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
too much CO2
CO2 has direct vasodilatory effect on many blood vessels and a sedative effect on nervous system |
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Term
| What are signs and symptoms of hypercapnia? |
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Definition
| headache, conjunctival hyperemia, flushed skin, increased sedation, mild to moderate increases in blood pressure, tachycardia, diaphoresis |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by intermittent periods of reversible airway obstruction |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive mucus production by mucosal cells of bronchi and chronic productive cough that has persisted for at least 3 months per year for two successive years or more |
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Term
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Definition
results from allergy to outside materials, especially inhalants
bronchi are the "shock tissues" of the allergic reaction
inflammatory mediators are released from sensitized mast cells |
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Term
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Definition
not related to allergy since individual doesn't have an elevation of IgE antibodies or a history of allergy symptoms
usual onset is after age 35
attacks frequently precipitated by factors such as infection, weather changes, exercise, stress, emotion, and various drugs, including aspirin |
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Term
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Definition
| results in obstructed airflow causing imbalance of ventilation and perfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| enlargement and destruction of air spaces distal to terminal bronchioles |
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Term
| What are the two principal types of emphysema? |
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Definition
| centrilobular and panlobular |
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Term
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Definition
| affects respiratory bronchioles, with initial preservation of alveolar ducts and sacs |
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Term
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Definition
| affects peripheral alveoli |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of lung wiht consolidation and exudation |
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Term
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Definition
| affects a segment or an entire lobe of the lung |
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Term
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Definition
| when both lungs are affected with pneumonia |
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Term
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Definition
smaller area affected
inflammation is localized in or around bronchi, and causes lung to be spotted with clusters of infected tissue |
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Term
| primary atypical pneumonia |
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Definition
| occurs in young adults, often found in military camps and due to various viruses or to mycoplasma pneumonaie |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| accidental inhalation of food or liquids |
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Term
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Definition
| blow or injury to chest that interferes with normal respiration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase of interstitial tissue and decrease of proper lung tissue with induration |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by massive mucoid inflammatory exudates in lobe of lung due to klebsiella pneumoniae |
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Term
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Definition
usually initiated in alveolar wall as result of inhaling tubercle bacilli
sometimes called childhood tuberculosis |
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Term
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Definition
| minute lesions resulting from this type of dissemination and may involve almost any organ, particularly brain, meninges, liver, kidney, and bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
results from reactivation of a previously healed primary lesion
occurs in situations of impaired body defense mechanisms |
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Term
| What are the primary tuberculosis clinical manifestations? |
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Definition
| positive tuberculin skin test and presence of calcified lesions on chest x-ray film |
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Term
| What are the secondary tuberculosis clinical manifestations? |
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Definition
| onset of afternoon elevation of temperature, night sweats, weakness, fatigability, and loss of appetite and weight |
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