Term
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Definition
hardening and thickening of walls of arterioles
usually caused by elevated BP and aging |
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Term
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Definition
| depositis of yellowing plaques (atheromas) containing cholesterol, other lipoid material, and lipophages are formed within the intima of large and medium-sized arteries |
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Term
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Definition
| affects muscular wall of medium-sized arteries involving deposition of calcium salts |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormal elevation of systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
89-95%
hypertension with no known cause
malignant hypertension is severe form of primary with chronic kidney disease often being cause |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by altered hemodynamics associated with primary disease, such as atherosclerosis |
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Term
| isolated systolic hypertension |
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Definition
elevated systolic blood pressure accompained by normal diastolic blood pressure
manifestation of increased cardiac output and/or rigidity of the aorta |
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Term
| orthostatic (postural) hypotension |
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Definition
| decrease in both systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure upon standing |
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Term
| characteristics of orthostatic (postural) hypotension |
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Definition
| dizziness, blurring or loss of vision, syncope |
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Term
| What causes acute orthostatic (postural) hypotension? |
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Definition
| when normal regulatory mechanisms are sluggish as result of anatomic variation, drug action, starvation, prolonged immobility, exhaustion, etc. |
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Term
| What causes chronic orthostatic (postural) hypotension? |
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Definition
| may be secondary (results from endocrine disorders, metabolic disorders, or diseases of nervous system) or idiopathic (no known initial cause; affects men more than women between ages of 40 and 70) |
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Term
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Definition
| characterized by crushing chest pain that occurs during exertion or excitement and is relieved by rest or with use of nitroglycerin |
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate coronary syndrome or pre-infarction anging |
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Term
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Definition
| chest pain due to transmural ischemia of myocardim occuring at rest |
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Term
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Definition
| triggered by exposure to wind or cold, excessive intake of caffeine or nicotine, anxiety, or physical exertion |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristically a progressive and irreversible occurrence that is associated with later stages of SHD |
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Term
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Definition
| temporary and reversible ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| more sustained and extensive oxygen deprivation |
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Term
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Definition
ischemic death of myocardial tissue associated with obstruction of a coronary vessel
thrombosis is ultimately linked with vessel occlusion |
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Term
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Definition
| contained within the myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| involves endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium |
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Term
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Definition
| limited to inner half of myocardium |
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Term
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Definition
| profound left ventricular dysfunction |
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Term
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Definition
| state of circulatory congestion produced by myocardial dysfunction, associated with abnormal retention of water and sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| when large section of ventricular muscle is replaced by scar tissue, section does not contract with rest of ventricle; outpouching (aneurysm) of ventricle during systole, which diminishes myocardial pumping efficiency |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, including the membrane over the valves |
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Term
| What does stenosis cause? |
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Definition
| a decrease in flow through the valve, with an increased work demand on the heart chamber in front of the diseased valve |
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Term
| What's an incompetent (regurgitant) valve do? |
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Definition
permits blood flow to continue while the valve is closed
work demands of both the heart chamber in front and that in back of the vavle are increased |
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Term
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Definition
causes resistance to ejection of blood into the aorta, so work demands on left ventricle are increased and volume of blood ejected into systemic circulation decreases
most common: rheumatic fever and congenital heart defects |
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Term
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Definition
allows blood to return to left ventricle during diastole
may result from conditions that cause scarring of valve leaflets or from enlargement of vavle orifice to extent that valve leaflets no longer meet |
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Term
| What's mitral valve stenosis almost always associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
| mitral vavle regurgitation |
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Definition
| permits blood flow from the left ventricle to the left atrium as result of incomplete valve closure |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of certain cells of the conduction system to initiate an impulse or action potential |
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Term
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Definition
| an excitable focus outside the normally functioning SA node |
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Term
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Definition
rate of less than 60 beats/min
P wave precedes each QRS
may be normal in well-trained athlete |
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Term
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Definition
increase in rate to 100-160 beats/min with origin in SA node
normal during exercise and in situations that incite sympathetic stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
heart rate speeds up and then slows down in an irregular, but cylic, pattern
often associated with respiration and alterations in autonomic control |
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Term
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Definition
failure of the SA node to discharge and results in an irregular pulse
an escape of rhythm develops as another pacemaker takes over
sinus arrest may result in prolonged periods of asystole and often predisposes to other arrhythmias
causes include disease of the SA node, digitalis toxicity, and excess vagal tone |
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Term
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Definition
condition of periods of bradycardia alternating wtih tachycardia
bradycardia is caused by disease of sinus node and tachycardia by paroxysmal atrial or junctional arrhythmias |
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Term
| atrial premature contraction |
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Definition
can originate in atrial conduction pathways or in atrial muscle cells
contraction is transmitted to the ventricle as well as back to the SA node
retrograde transmission to the SA node often interrupts the timing of the next sinus beat so there is a pause between the two normally conducted beats |
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Term
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Definition
atrial rate of 160-350
there is a delay in conduction through the AV node, and the ventricle responds to every 2nd, 3rd, or 4th beat |
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Term
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Definition
atrial rate in excess of 350, usually 450-600 beats/min
conduction through AV node is totally disorganized
the peripheral pulse is grossly irregular
a pulse deficit can be observed
may be caused as result of left atrial distention due to mitral stenosis |
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Term
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Definition
| difference between apical and peripheral pulses |
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Term
| alterations in AV conduction |
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Definition
conduction defects are most commonly due to fibrosis or scar tissue in fibers of the conduction system
also can occur as result of digitalis toxicity |
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Term
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Definition
occurs when conduction through the AV node is delayed or interrupted
may occur in the AV nodal fibers or in the AV bundle(bundle of His), which is continuous with the Purkinje conduction system that supplies the ventricles
affects P-R interval of ECG
Normal range: 0.12-.20 sec |
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Term
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Definition
conduction through the AV pathway delayed
P-R interval is longer than 0.20 sec |
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Term
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Definition
| one or more of atrial impulses are blocked |
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Term
| Mobitz type I or Wenchkebach phenomenon (2nd degree block) |
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Definition
| pregressive increase in P-R interval until the point where one P wave is totally blocked |
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Term
| Mobitz type II block (2nd degree block) |
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Definition
sudden block in one or more atrial impulses without an antecedent prolongation of P-R interval
ventricular rate is irregular and reflects degree of block
significant because it often precedes complete heart block |
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Term
| Third-degree or complete block |
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Definition
when conduction link between atria and ventricles is completely lost
atria continues to beat at a normal rate and ventricles develop their own rate, which is normally slow (30-40 beats/min)
complete heart block causes a decrease in cardiac output with possible periods of syncope (called Stokes-Adams attack) |
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Term
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Definition
| more serious than those in atria |
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Term
| premature ventricular contraction |
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Definition
caused by ventricular ectopic pacemake
ventricle is usually not able to repolarize sufficiently to response to next impulse that arises in SA node |
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Term
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Definition
ventricular rate of 160-250
dangerous b/c causes reduction in diastolic filling time to point where cardiac output is severly diminised or nonexistent
leads to compromised coronary perfusion and predisposes to fibrillation |
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Term
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Definition
fatal arrhythmia, unless interrupted by cardioversion
ventricle quivers, but doesn't contract, with cessation of cardiac output |
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