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Definition
| neural control of the involuntary motor reactions to stimuli in the environment; discovered by Walter Gaskell & John Langley (British physiologists at Cambridge) |
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| harbor the lower visceral motor neurons; established by Langley through electrical stimulation techniques in experimental animals |
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| a synonym for the visceral motor system; a phrase coined by Langley |
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Definition
| a network of intersecting nerves |
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| Where are the cell bodies of the primary visceral motor neurons found? |
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Definition
| in autonomic ganglia that are either close to the spinal cord or embedded in a neural plexus very near or in the target organ |
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Definition
| the restoration of homeostasis through physiological & behavior change |
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| In addition to maintaining homeostasis, the coordinated activity of visceral motor efferents may impose _____ |
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| the neurons in the CNS that drive allostasis effects; in a column in the spinal cord that extends from the uppermost thoracic to the upper lumbar segments |
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Term
| intermediolateral column/lateral horn |
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Definition
| a region of spinal cord gray matter in which the preganglionic neurons exist |
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| The preganglionic pathways to the ganglia that are a series of sympathetic chain ganglia from the spinal preganglionic neurons are known as _____ |
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Definition
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| From where do the "white communicating rami" get their name? |
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Definition
| the relatively light color imparted to the rami by the myelinated axons they contain |
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Definition
| the neurons that are the primary or lower motor neurons of the sympathetic division; innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, & glands |
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Definition
| arise from the paravertebral sympathetic chain neurons; travel to various targets in the body wall, joining the segmental spinal nerves of the corresponding spinal segments by way of the gray communicating rami |
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Term
| paravertebral sympathetic chain |
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Definition
| connect the preganglionic neurons to the postganglionic axons |
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Term
| From where do the "gray communicating rami" get their name? |
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Definition
| they are another set of short linking nerves; unmyelinated postganglionic axons give them a somewhat darker appearance than the myelinated preganglionic linking nerves |
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Definition
| include sympathetic ganglia in the cardiac plexus, the celiac ganglion, the superior & inferior mesenteric ganglia, & sympathetic ganglia in the pelvic plexus |
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| innervates the ciliary ganglion via the oculomotor nerve & mediates the diameter of the pupil in response to light; in the midbrain |
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Term
| superior & inferior salivatory nuclei |
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Definition
| innervate the salivary glands & tear glands, mediating salivary secretion & the production of tears; in the pons & medulla |
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Term
| What do neurons in the ventral-lateral part of the nucleus ambiguus do? |
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Definition
| provide an important source of cardio-inhibitory innervation to the cardiac ganglia via the vagus nerve |
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Term
| What does the more dorsal part of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve do? |
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Definition
| primarily governs glandular secretion via the parasympathetic ganglia located in the viscera of the thorax & abdomen |
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Term
| What does the more ventral part of the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve do? |
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Definition
| controls the motor responses of the heart, lungs, & gut elicited by the vagus nerve |
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Term
| What innervates the parasympathetic ganglia & where are they located? |
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Definition
| innervated by preganglionic outflow from both cranial & sacral levels; are in or near the end organs they serve |
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Term
| What is the complex arrangement of nerve cells intrinsic to the gut organized into? |
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Definition
| the myenteric plexus (AKA Auerbach's plexus) & the submucous plexus (AKA Meissner's plexus) |
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Term
| myenteric plexus (AKA Auerbach's plexus) |
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Definition
| specifically concerned with regulating the musculature of the gut |
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Term
| submucous plexus (AKA Meissner's plexus) |
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Definition
| located just beneath the mucus membranes of the gut & is concerned with chemical monitoring & glandular secretion |
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Term
| nucleus of the solitary tract |
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Definition
| in the medulla; the central structure in the brain that receives visceral sensory information & distributes it accordingly to provide feedback to local reflexes that modulate moment-to-moment visceral activity within individual organs AND to inform higher integrative centers of more complex patterns of stimulation that may signal potentially threatening conditions/require the coordination of more widespread activities |
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Term
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Definition
| second-order visceral sensory axons terminate here sometimes |
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Term
| The _____ is the central transmission pathway of visceral nociception |
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Definition
| the dorsal column pain pathway |
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Term
| How did the "parabrachial nucleus" get its name? |
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Definition
| it envelopes the superior cerebral peduncle |
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Term
| central autonomic network |
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Definition
| the interactions between the posterior insular cortex & the medial prefrontal cortex & their related subcortical structures |
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Definition
| a heterogeneous collection of nuclei in the base of the diencephalon that plays an important role in the coordination & expression of visceral motor activity |
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| The sensory monitoring for the homeostatic process in the cardiovascular system entails primarily mechanical (_____) information about pressure in the arterial system |
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Definition
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| The sensory monitoring for the homeostatic process in the cardiovascular system entails chemical (_____) information about the levels of oxygen & carbon dioxide in the blood |
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Definition
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Definition
| the drop in blood pressure when an individual goes from sitting/laying down to standing |
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Definition
| bladder emptying; prevented by voluntarily controlled motor neurons that keep the external sphincter closed during bladder filling & until circumstances permit urination |
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Definition
| urination; technical term |
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Term
| 4 autonomic similarities in male & female sexual responses |
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Definition
1. the mediation of vascular dilation (causes penile or clitoral secretions)
2. stimulation of prostatic or vaginal secretions
3. smooth muscle contraction of the vas deferens during ejaculation in males or rhythmic vaginal contractions during orgasm in females
4. contractions of the somatic pelvic muscles that accompany orgasm in both sexes |
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