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| The study how the body’s structures and functions are altered when exposed to acute and chronic bouts of exercise. Exercise or changing environmental conditions can be utilized to stress the body. |
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| Applies exercise physiology concepts to an athlete’s training and performance. Thus, sport physiology is derived from exercise physiology. |
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Nobel Prize winner (1921)
Studied energy metabolism in isolated frog muscle
Conducted first studies on runners |
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| Developed methods of measuring oxygen use during exercise |
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| Biochemist that founded The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory |
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| First Director of The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory |
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| The Harvard Fatigue Laboratory |
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| Focused on the physiology of human movement and the effects of environmental stress on exercise |
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| Published important series of five research studies in the late 1930s on carbohydrate and fat metabolism |
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| Conducted studies on physical fitness and endurance capacity during the 1950s and 1960s |
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| Reintroduced the biopsy needle in 1966 to study human muscle biochemistry |
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| John Holloszy and Charles Tipton |
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Introduced biochemical approach to exercise physiology research
First to use rats and mice to study muscle metabolism and fatigue |
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Reggie Edgerton,
Phil Gollnick,
Bengt Saltin |
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Definition
| Studied individual muscle fiber characteristics and their responses to training in rats and humans |
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| How the body responds to an individual bout of physical activity. |
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| Chronic physiological adaptations |
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| How the body responds over time to the stress of repeated bouts of exercise, referred to as training effects. |
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| measure physical work in standardized conditions |
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| Name 2 of the most commonly used ergometes |
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| Name 4 things to consider when monitoring Acute responses to exercise. |
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Definition
Control environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, light, and noise
Account for diurnal cycles, menstrual cycles, and sleep and eating patterns
Use the correct ergometer to measure physical work in standardized conditions
Match the mode of testing to the type of activity the subject usually performs |
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Which of these have the most affect on Heart rate response to running?
Humidity
Temperature
Noise
Food intake
Sleep |
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| When reading and interpreting graphs the title will identify what? |
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| Information being presented |
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| What should be clearly presented on tables and graphs? |
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| The independent variable or factor that is controlled by the study design is represented on what axis? |
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| The dependent variable that will change depending on how the independent variable is manipulated is represented on which axis? |
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| What is Longitudinal research |
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| Research that tests the same subjects and compares results over time |
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| What is Cross-sectional research? |
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| Research that collects data from a diverse population and compares groups in that population |
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| The group that does not receive the intervention and serves as the comparison group |
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| The group that receives an inert substance or treatment |
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| What is the Intervention group |
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| The group that receives the treatment of interest to the scientific research question |
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| In research what does Crossover design refer to? |
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| When each group undergoes both treatment (intervention) and control trials at different times |
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| Smooth muscles are involuntary muscles that are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. |
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| The walls of blood vessels and throughout internal organs. |
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| Cardiac muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous and endocrine systems. Where is cardiac muscle located? |
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| Cardic muscle is located ONLY in the heart. |
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| Skeletal muscles are what type of muscle? |
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Definition
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| What is another name for a muscle cell? |
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| The plasma membrane that encloses a muscle fiber is called what? |
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| The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber. |
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| The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) stores what? |
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| Myofibrils are made up of what? |
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Definition
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| A sarcomere is composed of 2 protein filaments called what? |
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Definition
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| The thick filament, is composed of two protein strands, each folded into a globular head at one end |
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| The thin filament is composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin |
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| One a-motor neuron innervates many muscle fibers, collectively called what? |
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| A motor neuron releases _________________ at the neuromuscular junction. |
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| ACh binds to receptors on the ______________. |
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| If enough ACh binds to receptors, an ____________ ______________ is transmitted the full length of the muscle fiber. |
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| Calcium binds to _____________ on the actin filament. |
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| Troponin pulls tropomyosin off the active sites, allowing _________ _______ to attach to the actin filament |
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| The Sliding Filament Theory explains the generation of _____________ ____________. |
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Definition
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| What enters the muscle cell depolarizing the plasmalemma? |
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| A muscle contraction is initiated by what? |
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Definition
| an a-motor neuron action potential |
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| Muscle contraction ends when ___________ is actively pumped out of the sarcoplasm back to the sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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| What allows us to study muscle fibers and the effects of acute exercise and chronic training on muscle fiber composition |
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Definition
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| What are the 2 muscle fiber types? |
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| Slow twitch fibers are also known as: |
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| Type II fibers are also known as ______________. |
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| All fibers types tend to reach their peak power at _____% peak force. |
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| Which fiber type has a more developed SR? |
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Which is not true?
Type II motor units are larger compared to type I motor units
Type II motor units have less muscle fibers to contract and produce less force than type I motor units
The proportion of type I and type II fibers in an individual’s arm and leg muscles are usually similar |
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Definition
Type II motor units have less muscle fibers to contract and produce less force than type I motor units
-Type II fibers have more muscle fibers and produce more force than type I |
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| Which fiber type has a higher aerobic endurance? |
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Definition
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| Name 4 things determines fiber type? |
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Definition
Genetics
a-motor neuron that innervates the muscle fibers
Endurance training
Aging |
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| Motor units are activated on the basis of a fixed order. This is known as the _______________________________________. |
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Definition
| Principle of orderly recruitment |
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Definition
| The order of motor unit recruitment is directly related to the motor neuron size |
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| Motor units give an ________________ response. |
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| In what order are muscle types recruited? |
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| type I --> type IIa --> type IIx |
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True or False
Muscle fiber composition differs in athletes by sport and event |
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Definition
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| Endurance events are characterized by a higher percentage of type _______ fibers |
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Definition
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| Force is developed while the muscle is shortening |
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Definition
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| Force is generated but the length of the muscle is unchanged |
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| Force is generated while the muscle is lengthening |
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Definition
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| Name 3 types of muscle contraction |
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Definition
Concentric
Isometric
Eccentric |
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| Force production is maximized at what point? |
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Definition
| when the muscle is at its optimal length |
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