Term
|
Definition
| indirect - based on predator prey relationship |
|
|
Term
| What organ do ascaridoids mature in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ascaridoid typical mouth structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stage is in the ascaridoid egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the infective stage for ascaridoid DH/IH/PH |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is there a free living stage in the ascaridoid LC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Family Ascarididae contains |
|
Definition
| spp of veterinary importance - T.canis, T.catis, P.equorum, A.suum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pig infected by Ascaris suum |
|
Definition
| pig ingests L3 in the egg OR earthworms that have ingested the infective eggs = PH |
|
|
Term
| What about Ascaris suum eggs makes them resistant |
|
Definition
| they are thick shelled with outer proteinaceous coat |
|
|
Term
| Ascarid suum eggs - triggered hatching in what organ in response to what |
|
Definition
| SI in response to dissolved CO2, neutral pH, presence of reducing substances and at body temp |
|
|
Term
| Migration route of Ascaris suum |
|
Definition
| L3 enter blood stream - liver - lungs (moult) trachea - alimentary tract, w L4 maturing in SI intestine (hepatic-pulmonary) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Ascaris suum migratory? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clinical significance of Ascaris suum |
|
Definition
| Large nematodes obstruct the intestine, severe liver damage can also result |
|
|
Term
| Ascaris suum and aquired resistance |
|
Definition
| good aquired resistance developes - therefore very young piglets are very easily infected w large numbers of worms. adults may carry small numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| commn parasite of man - not easily distinguishable from A.suum ,but not transmissible b/t man and pig. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Conditions for hatching of Ascaridoid eggs are similar in most mammal SI - eggs hatch and migrate to liver and lungs, but do not norm mature. (larvae are much less host specific than the adults) Ability to infect a wide variety of hosts = utilise IH/PH |
|
|
Term
| Organ of Parascaris equorum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host of Parascaris equorum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PPP of Parascaris equorum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| entry into DH by Parascaris equorum by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| migration type of Parascaris equorum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Significance of Parascaris equorum |
|
Definition
| Large nematodes cause obstruction of the intestine (SI impactions), can cause severe liver damage too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Genus Parascaris contains |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dogs and other canids only |
|
|
Term
| Infection by Toxocara canis is by one of 4 ways: |
|
Definition
1. L3 ingested in egg
2. L3 in paratenic host ingested (poss, but unlikely)
3. Transmammary infection (uncomm and unimport)
4. Prenatal infection v import as virtually 100% of pups are born infected |
|
|
Term
| Explain prenatal infection of Toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Larvae that are encysted in the tissues of the bitch are mobilised during preg, passing in the blood across the placenta to the fetal blood stream - fetal liver.
When pups are born - larvae migrate to the lungs - intestine.
Min PPP 23dd
Most import source of patent Toxocara infections |
|
|
Term
| Does the bitch have to be re-infected b/t each litter to produce infected pups |
|
Definition
| No, only some of the larvae are mobilised w each preg, but the bitch is norm reinfected from the patent infections produced in the pups. Therefore she acts as a PH |
|
|
Term
| Name a PH in Toxocara canis infection involving newborn pups |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most import cause of visceral larva migrans in man |
|
Definition
| Toxocara canis - esp in young children who ingest infective eggs |
|
|
Term
| Explain L3 ingestion in egg of Toxocara canis by 5-10week old pups |
|
Definition
hepatic-tracheal migratio, patent infection produced.
Min PPP 4-5 weeks |
|
|
Term
| Explain L3 ingestion in egg of Toxocara canis by older dogs |
|
Definition
| most larvae pass thru the lungs and are distributed to somatic tissues where they remain encysted and alive (as L3) Patent infections are more difficult to produce |
|
|
Term
| Are ascaridoid eggs immediately infective? |
|
Definition
| No - egg is laid with a zygote-morula-L1-L2-L3=infective. There is no further dvt until ingested - triggered hatching |
|
|
Term
| Ascaridoid migration type |
|
Definition
| Hepatic tracheal migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A's of scarring in pig liver left behind after migration of Ascaris suum |
|
|
Term
| What do ascarids feed on? |
|
Definition
| Digesta - v big nematodes in the lumen of SI, too big for diffusion |
|
|
Term
| Migration of non-patent ascaridoids (esp import in Toxocara spp) |
|
Definition
| somatic migration - liver to lungs to somatic tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Varies with route of infection
-newborns = 23 dd
-5-10 week old pups = 4-5 weeks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three modes of infection of Toxocara cati |
|
Definition
1. ingestion of L3 in egg
2. Transmammary infection
3. Ingestion of L3 in egg by PH - hatches migrates in tissues - encysts as L3 - ingestion of PH by DH (no migration in DH) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
depends on route of infection:
1. ingestion of L3 in egg - 56 dd
2. Transmammary - 47 dd |
|
|
Term
| Migration type of Toxocara cati after ingestion of L3 in egg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Patent infection of Toxocara cati |
|
Definition
| often more successful in older cats - older cats can shed eggs |
|
|
Term
| Vomition due to Ascaridoids in dogs and cats |
|
Definition
| vomition is stimulated by migration of worms in the stomach - pneumonia may result from inhalation of the vomit or migration of the larvae. |
|
|
Term
| Significance of Ascaridoids in dogs and cats |
|
Definition
-vomiting
-pneumonia
-intestinal symptoms = diarrhoea, vomiting, unthriftiness, pot belly due to partial or complete obstruction of the intesting by the large nematodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infection of Ascaridia galli |
|
Definition
| ingestion of L3 in the egg |
|
|
Term
| Transport host of Ascaridia galli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| migration of Ascaridia galli |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Significance of Ascaridia galli |
|
Definition
| Can interfere with poultry growth and egg production by interfering with absorption and competing with host for Vitamin A |
|
|
Term
| Organ of Heterakidae gallinarum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Host of Heterakis gallinarium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Significance of Heterakis gallinarium |
|
Definition
| v common, but not pathogenic. Transmits the protozoal parasite Histomonas meleagridis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Protozoal parasite that causes infectious enterohepatitis in turkeys and chickens. Transmitted by Heterakis gallinarium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infectious enterohepatitis |
|
|
Term
| Are ascaridoid nematodes prolific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Toxocara cati can infect DH or IH |
|
Definition
| This means that indeirect LC is optional |
|
|
Term
| Migration and immune resistance |
|
Definition
| most ascaridoid nematodes mgrate in the DH and so stimulate a good acquired resistance |
|
|
Term
| Ascaridoid strategies for continuation in herbivore spp |
|
Definition
1.Outer proteinaceous coat:
-stickiness of the egg makes eggs stick to things eg. udder
-resistant therefore lasts in the env for a long time
2.Production of large numbers of eggs |
|
|
Term
| Significance of Ascaridoid nematodes |
|
Definition
| they cause SI impactions, compete with host for nutrients (have high MR - producing large numbers of eggs) cause liver and lung damage |
|
|
Term
| To prevent infections in pups becoming patent when should you treat with anthelmintics |
|
Definition
| 2, 3 and 4 weeks after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oxyuroidea (order - Oxyurida) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| colon and rectum (distal LI) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gut contents, they exert their pathogenic effects by other means |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the method by which Oxyuris equi lays eggs |
|
Definition
| Female partly emerges from the horses anus, anchored by her long tail. The eggs, which are sticky (and layed in a foamy white proetinaceous secretion) are smeared around the anus and perineal area |
|
|
Term
| infective stage of Oxyuris equi |
|
Definition
| L2 in egg - eggs may drop off the animal and infection is by ingestion of egg |
|
|
Term
| Migration of Oxyuris equi |
|
Definition
| there is no migration, they dvp in intestine |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of Oxyuris equi |
|
Definition
| tail rubbing of horses due to irritation caused by activity of females laying eggs |
|
|
Term
| Family of Probstmayria vivipara |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Host of Probstmayria vivipara |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organ of Probstmayria vivipara |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infectivity of Probstmayria vivipara |
|
Definition
| they are larviparous and autoinfectious therefore can dvp v larg infections but aren't pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| Family of Enterobius vermicularis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| host of Enterobius vermicularis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| LC of Enterobius vermicularis |
|
Definition
| L2 in egg infectious, ingestion, no migration. perineal irritaion causes scratching of anal region, transfer of eggs to mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Trichuris genus - anterior end is narrower than posterior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| infective stage of Trichuris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Route of infection of Tichuris |
|
Definition
| ingestion - infective stage is L1 in egg |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eggs hatch in intestine w no migration |
|
|
Term
| Pathogenesis of Trichuris |
|
Definition
| narrow anterior end burrows into intestinal mucosa in shallow horizontal tunnels producing severe inflam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sp of Trichuris in sheep and goats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cats don't have a sp of Trichuris |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of Trichuris infection |
|
Definition
| diarrhoea and loss of condition due to inflam in the caecum and colon. pathogenic effects are related to the numbers of parasites present |
|
|
Term
| Genus Capillaria is in which family |
|
Definition
| Trichuridae (same family as Trichuris) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
direct - L1 in egg infective
or indirect - L1 in earthworm is IH (L1 is still the infective stage) |
|
|
Term
| Capillaria spp are most import in what type of animals |
|
Definition
| birds - they are the most import helminths of chickens in NZ |
|
|
Term
| Host/organ/LC of Capillaria contorta |
|
Definition
| Poultry, esophagus and crop, indirect |
|
|
Term
| Capillaria spp in crop and oesophagus of poultry |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillaria caudinflata organ and LC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Capillaria obsingnata organ and LC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| c.bovis, C.longipes, C.brevipes all occur in NZ, have direct LC's and inhabit SI. Small numbers only, not of significance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| norm a parasite of hedgehogs, sometimes found in stom of cats and dogs. Direct LC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trachea and bronchi of cats and dogs. Direct LC |
|
|
Term
| Trichinella spiralis route of infection |
|
Definition
| infestion of larvae in muscle therefore largely confined to carnivores and scavengers |
|
|
Term
| Where do adults of Trichinella spiralis live |
|
Definition
| in SI, but they don't live long after completing dvt |
|
|
Term
| What and where do female Trichinella spiralis nematodes give birth to |
|
Definition
| After copulation they burrow into mucosa and give birth to L1. They are larviparous |
|
|
Term
| Once L1 Trichinella spiralis have been laid what do they do |
|
Definition
| They enter villi lymphatics - bloodstream - voluntary mm - enter mm fibre using buccal lancet - dvp and grow (causing fibre to degenerate) and sarcolemma forms a cyst wall. Some of surrounding mm fibres may degenerate - fibrous tissue. Larvae appears to be in a fibrous cyst. |
|
|
Term
| How long does a Trichinella spiralis L1 cyst remain viable for |
|
Definition
| Many years - may outlive the host. May b/c calcified. |
|
|
Term
| When is the Trichinella spiralis cyst completely formed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What releases Trichinella spiralis L1 from cysts after ingestion |
|
Definition
| They are released in the intest by digestion of the cyst wall. Worms b/c sexually mature in 3-4 days |
|
|
Term
| How long after release from the cyst does it take for Trichinella spiralis L1 to b/c sexually mature |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are Trichinella spiralis L1 passed out in faeces |
|
Definition
| Some infective L1 are released in the intestine after ingestion by the host (once they are released from the cysts) |
|
|
Term
| Significance of Trichinella spiralis |
|
Definition
| import lies in it's transmissibility to man - ingestion of raw/inadequately cooked meat |
|
|
Term
| Host specificity of Trichinella spiralis |
|
Definition
| will dvp and reproduce in any mammal. but main hosts are pigs, rats and cats |
|
|
Term
| Infection of Trichinella spiralis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most import source of infection of Trichinella spiralis for pigs |
|
Definition
| Feeding of uncooked household waste, next most import is rat contaminated pig food (~) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involve arthropod or crustacean IH |
|
|
Term
| Where are Spirurids more import |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Spirurids found |
|
Definition
| Upper alimentary tract mam's and birds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Always indirect thru crustacean/arthropod |
|
|
Term
| Infective stage of Spirurids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Spirurid genera found in the stom of horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Location of Habronema/Draschia |
|
Definition
| lumen or in nodules in the stom wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Eggs (w L1) passed in faeces - fly larvae ingest eggs in faeces - dvp to L3 in maggot - L3 breaks out of probiscus of adult fly in response to moisture (wounds, horse breath- if near breathe will be ingested etc) - larva dvps without migration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| L3 Habronema are deposited on wounds where flies feed, cause severe inflam response = cutaneous habronemiasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Muscoidflies eg. Musca domestica (common house fly) |
|
|
Term
| Filaroidea are parasites of where/what |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| usually blood/lymph sucking flies (seeing as the worms live in lymph/blood/CT) |
|
|
Term
| How is IH of Filaroidea infected |
|
Definition
| By ingesting the microfilariae in host fluids while feeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| IH ingests microfilariae as it feeds - dvps to L3 (infective for DH) - is injected into DH when vector feeds |
|
|
Term
| PPP of Dirofilaria immitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organ of Dirofilaria immitis |
|
Definition
| pulmonary a and right ventricle of dog |
|
|
Term
| What do female Dirofilaria immitis give birth to |
|
Definition
| they are larviparous - microfilaria |
|
|
Term
| When are microfilaria more numerous in the blood |
|
Definition
| morning and night - when mosquitos feed (periodicity) |
|
|
Term
| IH of Dirofilaria immitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long does it take for microfilaria to dvp to L3 in mosquito |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Significance of Dirofilaria immitis |
|
Definition
| Infection interferes with blood flow through pulmonary artery - heart failure |
|
|
Term
| How does L3 Dirofilaria immitis infect dog |
|
Definition
| Infective stages are found in salivary glands of mosquito - injected w saliva when they feed |
|
|
Term
| Name Filaroid nematode endemic in NZ dogs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Organ of Dipetalonema reconditum |
|
Definition
| SC and intermm CT of dogs |
|
|
Term
| IH of Dipetalonema reconditum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can infection of Dipetalonema reconditum be distinguished from Dirofilaria immitis |
|
Definition
| Size of microfiliaria in blood (immitis>reconditum) |
|
|
Term
| Significance of Dipetalonema reconditum |
|
Definition
| It is non-pathogenic, but it does need to be distinguished from Dirofilaria immitis |
|
|
Term
| Significance of Dipetalonema reconditum |
|
Definition
| It is non-pathogenic, but it does need to be distinguished from Dirofilaria immitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| periods of high levels of microfilariae in the blood that coincides with periods of high feeding activity of IH |
|
|
Term
| How is DH of Dirofilaria and Dipetalonema reconditum infected |
|
Definition
| infective stage (L3) is in saliva of IH an is injected when the IH feeds |
|
|
Term
| Nematode that causes elephantitis |
|
Definition
| Wuchereria bancrofti - causes lymph stasis |
|
|
