Term
Modes of transmission of Toxocara canis |
|
Definition
Transmembrane, transplacental, and ingestion. |
|
|
Term
Name the ascarids, or large roundworms, of dogs and cats. |
|
Definition
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati and Toxascaris leonina. |
|
|
Term
The definitive hosts for Toxascaris leonina. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Signs of clinical disease for Toxocara. |
|
Definition
V/D, constipation, pot-bellied appearance. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Causative agent of visceral (VLM) and ocular (OLM) larva migrans. |
|
|
Term
Transmission of T. leonina |
|
Definition
Direct and paratenic host transmission. |
|
|
Term
T or F
The eggs of Toxascaris leonina do NOT have a protein coat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The hosts for Baylisascaris procyonis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Modes of transmission for B. procyonis. |
|
Definition
Ingestion of an intermediate host. |
|
|
Term
Zoonosis of B. procyonis. |
|
Definition
Causative agent of OLM, VLM, and NLM. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Visceral larva migrans
Seen in children < 5 years.
Larvae migrate through liver and lungs resulting in fever, hepatomegaly, and pneumonia.
Larvae will always remain in the lungs and liver. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ocular Larva migrans
7-8+ years
Associated with low levels of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Neural larva migrans
Commonly seen with B. procyonis.
Migration of larvae to and larval growth in the brain and spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
Name the ascarids of large animals. |
|
Definition
Ascaris suum and Parascaris equorum. |
|
|
Term
Modes of transmission for A. suum. |
|
Definition
Ingestion of eggs from soil or stuck to sow's teats. |
|
|
Term
Clinical disease of A. suum. |
|
Definition
Most common GI nematode of swine.
Stunted growth, diarrhea, interference with nutrient absorption, and possible perforation of intestine. |
|
|
Term
Modes of transmission for P. equorum. |
|
Definition
Direct infection with tracheal migration. |
|
|
Term
Clinical disease of P. equorum. |
|
Definition
Coughing and eosinophilia are the most common sign.
Adult parasites may cause diarrhea with flatulence and weight loss.
In severe infections adults can perforate gut wall or obstruct bowel. |
|
|
Term
To prevent the infection of large animals with ascarids, what measures should be taken? |
|
Definition
Pregnant sows and mares should be dewormed prior to birth.
Clean pens and stalls daily.
Proper disposal of feces.
Observe good sanitation. |
|
|
Term
The definitve hosts for Ancylostoma caninum. |
|
Definition
Dogs, foxes, and coyotes. |
|
|
Term
Modes of transmission for A. caninum. |
|
Definition
Direct ingestion, skin penetration, and transmammary. |
|
|
Term
Hosts of Uncinaria stenocephala. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Modes of transmission for U. stenocephala |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cutaneous larva migrans
Most commonly caused by A. braziliense larvae.
In ruminants hookworm disease can cause submandibular edema "bottle jaw". |
|
|
Term
Treatment and control of hookworms. |
|
Definition
Stabilize puppies and kittens with severe anemia.
Anthelmintics; pyrantel, pamoate, fenbendazole, and ivermectin.
Treat puppies at 2 weeks and every two weeks after until weaning.
Remove feces frequently. |
|
|
Term
Strongyloides spp. are threadworms that can be found in what species? |
|
Definition
Dogs, cats, man, pig, ruminants, horses. |
|
|
Term
What type of clinical signs might be seen with Strongyloides spp.? |
|
Definition
(stercoralis) Moderate to severe diarrhea that may have blood, anorexia, dullness, weight loss, poor growth rate.
Possibly fatal in immunosupressed humans.
(westeri) Foals: 9 day scour / foal heat diarrhea
|
|
|
Term
Name all of the species in the Ancylostoma genus. |
|
Definition
A. caninum, A. tubaeforme, and A. braziliense. |
|
|
Term
Name all of the species in the Strongyloides genus. |
|
Definition
| S. stercoralis, S. ransomi, S. papillosus, S. westeri. |
|
|
Term
| What can be done to treat and control Strongyloides spp.? |
|
Definition
| Regular anthelmintics ie. Ivermectin |
|
|
Term
| Name all of the species in the Trichuris Spp. genus. |
|
Definition
| T. vulpis, T. ovis, T. campanula, T. discolor, and T. suis. |
|
|
Term
| How is an animal infected by Trichuris Spp.? |
|
Definition
| Ingestion of eggs (L1 larvae). |
|
|
Term
| How would Truchuris Spp. be treated and controlled? |
|
Definition
| Due to a long PPP treat once a month for 3 months with anthelmintics ie. dichlorvos, fenbendazole, febantel, mebendazole. |
|
|
Term
| Bottle jaw is associated with what parasite in ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
T or F
The strongyles of horses are smaller than the trichostrongyles of ruminants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Treatment of strongyles consists of what antiparasitic medication? |
|
Definition
| Anthelmintics on a regular basis ie. Ivermectin, moxidectin, fenbendazole, and pyrantel pamoate. |
|
|
Term
| Oxyuris equi can be diagnosed with what technique? |
|
Definition
| Scotch tape technique. Scotch tape is applied to the perianal region of the horse and transferred to a slide. |
|
|
Term
| Briefly describe the life cycle of a heartworm. |
|
Definition
| Infected vector bites uninfected DH, L3 larvae enters bite wound, microfilariae are produced by adults, an uninfected mosquito is infected by biting the DH, and microfilariae (L1) develop to infective stage. |
|
|
Term
| How would Dipetalonema reconditum be differentiated from Dirofilaria immitis? |
|
Definition
| Dipetalonema reconditum has a button-hooked tail. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasitic relationship where one symbiont benefits and the other neither benefits or is harmed. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasitic relationship where both organisms benefit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasite that must lead a parasitic existence and is not capable of leading a free-living existence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Organisms that are free living in nature that can become parasitic in certain hosts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The host that harbors that adult, sexual or mature stages of the parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The host that harbors the larval, juvenile, immature or asexual stages of the parasite. This host is essential to the parasites life cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of intermediate host where a parasite is encysted (dormant) in the hosts tissues. This host is not essential to the parasites life cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes the definitive host only no intermediate or paratenic hosts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of time from infection with a parasite until one can demonstrate that the host is infected by finding stages of the parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Period of time from first demonstration of a parasite infection until one can no longer demonstrate that the host is infected. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasite that lives on the outer surface of the host. Known as infestation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lives inside the host. Known as a type of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host in which the parasite is not mormally found and is unsuitable for the development of the parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host in which the parasite is not normally found, but is suitable for the development of the parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host in which the parasite reaches an and point and is unable to continue its life cycle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Host that maintains a parasite/disease organism in nature and serves as a source of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes definitive host only. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Includes definitive host and one or more intermediate or paratenic hosts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves alternation of parasitic and free-living generations. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All generations are parasitic or all are free-living; little or no alternation of the two. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any agent that transmits an infectious organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinfection by the progeny of a parasite while they are still within the body of the host. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A new superimposed infection of an individual host that already bears infection by the same species of parasite. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Resistance of host to superinfection that persists only so long as the parasites that provoke it survive and are present in the host. |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 factors that affect transmission of parasites. |
|
Definition
Source of infection
Mode of transmission
Presence of susceptible host |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A parasite stage ingested by an animal other than the natural host and shed in the feces of that animal. |
|
|
Term
| List the 7 classes of nematodes. |
|
Definition
| Roundworms, hookworms, threadworms, whipworms, heartworms, lungworms, and kidney worms. |
|
|
Term
| This parasite can be transmitted transdermally. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the antigen test for heartworms. |
|
Definition
The antigen is the definitive test and will detect direct infections where no microfilariae are present (occult infections).
Used in dogs and cats. ELISA based. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the antibody test for heartworms. |
|
Definition
The antibody test can detect a reaction to the microfilaria but they may die before reaching maturity. A positive test does not indicate an active infection.
Only infections only involving male worms are readily detected and may detect infection sooner than the antigen test.
Antibody test: cats. |
|
|
Term
| Name the nematode hookworms. |
|
Definition
| Ancylostoma caninum, Ancylostoma tubarforme, and Uncinaria stenocephala. |
|
|
Term
| Name the nematode roundworms. |
|
Definition
| Ascaris suum, Baylisascaris procyonis, Parascaris equorum, Toxascaris leonina, Toxocara canis, and Toxocara cati. |
|
|
Term
| Name the nematode whipworms. |
|
Definition
| Trichostrongyles, Trichuris vulpis, Trichuris suis, and Trichuris ovis. |
|
|
Term
| Name the nematode threadworms. |
|
Definition
| Strongyloides stercoralis, Strongyloides westeri, and Strongyloides ransomi. |
|
|
Term
| Name the nematode pinworms. |
|
Definition
|
|
