1. ingest intermediate host

2. L3 larvae liberated in gastric lumen

3. Larvae penetrate gastric mucosa to gastric and c coeliac arteries to caudal thoracic aorta

4. Live up to 3 months in small aortic wall (turn to L4 and adults)

5. Young adult worms migrate from aorta to esophagus

1. 3-6 worms cluster in esophagus submucosa to form nodule

2. Establish a tract through which egg reaches alimentary canal

3. passes out to continue the life cycle

Spirocerca associated sarcomas

Nodules, scaring in esophagus

Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy

Depend on size and location of tumors

Interference with swallowing, respiration, circulation

Excessive salvation, chronic vomiting, persistent cough, abdominal breathing

Peritonitis (ruptured abscess)

sudden death (ruptured aneurysm)

History, eggs, (30-37 x 11-15 uM in fecal)

Clinical signs

radiology

Fenbendazole

Doramectin

Ivermectin

Milbemycin oxime

6-26 weeks

Size of male physaloptera

female?

Male 25-30 MM (caudal alae)

Females up to 50 mm

1. eggs ingested by intermediate (arthropod) host

2. Eggs hatch in intermediate host

3. Larvae encyst in intermediate host

4. Definitive host infected by eating the infected intermediate host

5. Larvae liberated and remain in intestine and stomach

Eggs in feces

Treat and look for recovered worms

endoscopy

clinical signs

42-53 X 29-35 um

Smooth, thick shelled

Larvated when laid

Ivermectin

Fenbendazole

Pryantel pamoate

control diet

1. mm x 0.04 mm

Three tail cusps on adult females and larvae

0.8mm x 0.035 mm

Bursa present

1. Eggs through L3 develop in uterus of female

2. L3 and L4 larvae and adults exit in stomach of animal

Usually its no big deal,

can be hardening of stomach, mild mucosal erosions, excessive mucus secretions etc

Vomiting

Weight loss

may be none

Examine vomited material

Endoscopy

Clinical signs

Predisposing situations

Necropsy

What four things help determine the validity of a fecal exam?

Procedure

Type of flotations solution

specific gravity

Training

Sodium chloride (1.2)

Magnesium sulfate (1.2)

Zinc sulfate (1.18)

Sodium nitrate (1.18)

1. Mostly large nematodes

2. No buccal capsule

3. Females are oviparous

4. Produce large numbers of eggs which are single celled when laid

Male 10 cm

Female 18 cm

about 90 x 75 um

Thick pitted shell

Contains a single cell

1. Tracheal

2. Somatic

3. Mucosal

1. Infective larvated eggs hatch in stomach/ upper small intestine

2. Larvae burrow through wall of SI into portal ciruclation to liver

3. Wander in liver, enter caudal vena cava to lungs

4. Break out of lung capillaries, move into airspaces of alveoli and molt

5. Ascend bronchial tree to trachea and pharynx

6. L3 swallowed, molt twice, mature in SI

7. Begin laying eggs

1. Initially same as tracheal (no alveoli)

2. Return to heart via pulmonary veins, scattered throughout body via systemic circulation

3. Larvae stop developing/ become encysted in tissues

Skeletal muscles

kidneys

liver

heart

diaphragm

brain

1. Ingested infective eggs hatch in stomach/ upper small intestine

2. larvae burrow into stomach wall, molt twice in stomach wall, re-enter lumen

3. Larvae migrate to SI and molt to adult stage

What type of migration is seen in toxocara canis after ingestion of paratenic host?

What is the PPP?

Mucosal

21 days

What type of migration is seen with Toxocara canis in transplacental infection?

What is the PPP?

Tracheal migration

21 Days

What type of migration is seen with Toxocara canis in transmammary infection?

What is the PPP?

Mucosal

21 days

Which type of migration predominates in Toxocara canis in puppies?

Older dogs?

Puppies: Tracheal

Older: Somatic

Male 7 cm

Female 10 cm

75-85 x 60-75

Slightly oval and smooth, visible membrane internally, thick shell

Milbemycin oxime (interceptor)

Ivermectin (heartgard)

Imidacloprid (advantage multi)

Selamectin (Revolution)

Milbemycin oxime (Interceptor)

Imidacloprid (advantage multi)

Fenbendazole

Ivermectin

Selamectin (best b/c use approve dose)

Moxidectin

1. Large buccal capsule (adults have teeth or cutting plates)

2. Males have well developed bursa

3. Strongyle eggs are all similar (diagnostic stage)

4. Infective stage is L3

Size of Ancylostoma caninum

Color

Males 10-12 mm

Female 14-16 mm

Color gray or reddish

Ingestion of infective L3

Percutaneous infection

Transmammary

Leak Back

Tracheal or somatic

NO mucosal!

Pregnancy

Stress

Loss of intestinal infections

PPP of Ancylostoma caninum with in gestion of infective larvae

Mucosal:

Tracheal:

Mucosal: 2-3 weeks

Tracheal: 4-5 weeks

Routes of infection for Ancylostoma Tubaeforme

Migration patterns? PPP?

Oral route: Develop in small intestine, PPP about 3 weeks

Skin penetration: tracheal migration, PPP about three weeks

Oral or skin penetration only

No transmammary, transplacental, or leak back

Route of infection for Uncinaria stenocephala?

Migration pattern?

Oral route with mucosal migration

No prenatal or transmammary transmission

Similar to Ancylostoma

larger: 65-80 x 40-50 um

15-17 days

****Egs can survive freezing for several days***

Hemorrhagic enteritis: causes anemia and iron-deficiency

Protein loss from blood loss: causes ascites and edma

Graze on surface of villi

Mild to non-pathogenic

Diarrhea and bloody feces

Most often in spring/ summer and moist ground

Anemia

General weakness, emaciation

death

eggs in feces

Decrease in packed cell volume

eosinophilia

Emodepside (cats)

Fenbendazole (dogs)

Febantel

Ivermectin

Milbemycin oxime

Moxidectin

Pyrantel pamoate

selamectin (cats)

Fenbendazole

Ivermectin

Keep environment dry

remove feces daily

kill larvae with sodium borate

1% chlorox

Yes! some species can penetrate human skin

Causes cutaneous larva migrans

Alternating free living and parasitic generations

Parasitic males do not exist

Parasitic females reproduce by mitotic parthenogenesis (XXY)

Hatch quickly, eggs are larvated, L1 in feces

Eggs hatch before leaving body of the worm

1. When damp:molt four times and become free living adult males and females, reproduce and produce filariform larvae L3i

2. When dry: Molt twice and become an infective filariform larvae L3i

penetrate skin or oral mucosa

transported to lungs, penetrate alveolar spaces

Carried through bronchail tree to pharynx, swallowed to reach small intestine

molt twice and become adult female worms

Can cause autoinfection by developing directly to L3i in the intestine of its host

Favored in dogs on steroids, or neonatal dogs

Depends on number of worms present:

Light = catarrhal enteritis

Heavy= erosion of epithelium

Diarrhea

nodules in descending colon (cats)

Young animals

Anorexia, coughing, conjuctivitis

Pneumonia

severe diarrhea

pruritus and dermatitis (skin)

Fenbendazole

ivermectin