Term
| the three approaches to biological control |
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Definition
-Importation
-Augmentation
-Conservation |
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Term
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Definition
| Importation is also called “classical biological control”. Importation involves introduction of natural enemies from a different locality, or country to a place where they do not occur naturally and this is done to control a pest that might have been accidentally introduced to a new area. This can be a long and cumbersome process. It involves searching for the origin of the pest in question, and then extensive exploration to determine if any natural enemies are present. Then those natural enemies are collected and brought into the required country, where they are placed in quarantine and undergo several rigorous testing procedures to ensure their safety to the environment, before being ultimately released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Augmentation is, as the word suggests refers to adding more individuals of the natural enemy to supplement those already present. Augmentation can be through inoculative releases, where a few individuals are released at a critical time or season; or through inundative releases, where millions of individuals are released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conservation deals with protecting and encouraging the existing natural enemies in an environment, through various means like providing food sources, nesting or breeding spots, and avoiding or reducing chemical interventions. |
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Term
| in importation, the natural enemy cones from... |
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Definition
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| in augmentation, the natural enemy cones from... |
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Definition
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| in conservation, the natural enemy cones from... |
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Definition
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Term
| importation is conducted by... |
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Definition
| International, Federal, State agencies (later, farmers help) |
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| augmentation is conducted by... |
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Definition
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| conservation is conducted by... |
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Definition
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Term
| how sustainable importation is |
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Definition
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Term
| how sustainable augmentation is |
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Definition
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Term
| how sustainable conservation is |
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Definition
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Term
| specificity of the targer in importation |
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Definition
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Term
| specificity of the targer in augmentation |
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Definition
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Term
| specificity of the targer in conservation |
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Definition
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Term
| environmental friendliness of importation |
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Definition
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Term
| environmental friendliness of augmentation |
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Definition
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Term
| environmental friendliness of conservation |
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Definition
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Term
| example of the importation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| the encyrtid wasp Apoanagyrus lopezi was introduced from the Americas to Africa to combat Cassava mealybug, which was a severe pest on cassava
IT WORKED! |
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Term
| an example of the inundative augmentation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| Trichogramma wasps are used worldwide on a variety of crops, and some of these include corn, sugarcane, cotton, vegetables, tree fruits, etc. In fact, they are the most widely used egg parasitoid in the world, and about 30 million hectares of land are treated annually with these little wasps. |
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Term
| an example of the inoculative augmentation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| the use of Encarsia, which are parasitoids of white flies |
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Term
| four approaches used with Encarsia as an augmentative biological control agent |
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Definition
1: “Pest in first” – deliberately release whiteflies
2: “Dribble method” – Start introducing wasps at planting to have wasps in place when pests arrive
3: “Banker plants” – Establish wasps on other plants that already have infestations; allow wasps to move to new infestations
4: Inundative releases: Repeated releases of large numbers of parasitoids |
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Term
| the “Pest-in-first” method in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| in this method, the pest or whiteflies are deliberately introduced into the greenhouse at a fixed rate. Later the parasitoid Encarsia is introduced at a standard rate, two or three times at regular intervals so that suitable host stages are available for them. This method is not widely popular because of obvious reasons – releasing pests directly onto the crop! |
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Term
| the "dribble method" in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| in this method, parasitoids are introduced into the greenhouse at planting of the crop, in anticipation of the pest development. After this, low rate releases are continued, until other parasitized nymphs are found on the crop. |
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Term
| the "banker plants" system in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| in this system, Banker Plants are used, which are plants from an earlier grown crop that have established infestations of whiteflies and parasitoids. These banker plants are introduced into the fresh greenhouse crop at fixed rate, so that the parasitoids can move to find new hosts. |
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Term
| inundative releases in augmentative biological control |
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Definition
| large numbers of parasitoids are released and this is done in certain conditions, as when the cropping season is too short for the population to develop, or the host (whitely) or the plant are not suitable. This method is most common in ornamental crops. |
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Term
| example of the conservation approach to biological control |
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Definition
| reducing the use of pesticides to allow Cotesia to control beet armyworm |
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