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| Plasticity contributing to evolution. genetic assimilation as a method. Cross veinless Drosophila melanogaster caused by heat shock could be fixed by artificial selection. |
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| Genetic accomodation is an adaptive genetic change owing to selection acting on regulation and form of an induced phenotype. polyphenism were most likely to be more species rich. |
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| developmental homeostasis processes. Stabilise the phenotype and protect from mutation. allow mutations to exist without being expressed maintaining genetic variability. cryptic variuation |
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| Sensitization occurs when one or more of the regulatory pathways is altered by E or M that causes the expression of cryptic variation. This can then be selected upon. |
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| Still plays a key role in shaping organisms but Env. also causes the release of genetic information. Expressed variation becomes heritable where it is advantageous. |
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| Genetic accomodation allows |
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| accumulation of genetic variation as cryptoc variation is not expressed it cant be selected against or for so mutations may accumulate and are then selected upon when expression is initiated. |
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| Linanthus also demonstrated the mechanism of enviroemtnally induced phenotype and canalization by natural selection. |
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| HSP90 linked to release of genetic variation in Drosophila and other species. HSP90 acts as a buffer preventing the action of transposable elements that may have cryptic variation. Changes in expression or action could allow these TE to be expressed. |
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| Harder in natural populations. Gastrosteus aculeatus been used as recent 12000ya colonisation of FW by SW species gives a derived and ancestral population. Plastic ancestral reflected the two distinct behavioural ecotypes found in FW |
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| Daphnia melanica produce melanin to protect from UV. When salmonids introduced to lakes melanin plasticity reduced as melanin production selected against by predators. Canalization. |
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| Development is key Many genetic and biological pathways that can be acted upon by Env. to change outcome. of development. |
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| different plastic responses maay be initiated by the same pathways. Starvation in the nematode Pristionchus pacificus causes theinduction of dafachronic acid (DAF-12) hormone. This causes the formation of dauer stasis. Depending on the levels of DAF-12 the nematode may alternatively develope teeth like structure that enable it to prey upon other nematodes and detritus. |
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| The same signalling pathway may in some cases be stimulated by different env. stimuli. For example plants in shade and in flooded areas both produce longer stems by the same signalling pathways. |
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| PLastiity in one trait can lead to novel trait environment interaction such as the rise in carnivory in some spadefoot toads. Plasticity in gut morphology would have provided an advantage to toads when presented with a novel food item. Perhaps toads who are detritiovores were presented with limited detritus but and abundance of shrimp. In this case a shorter gut would have been advantageous as it means less wasted energy in long gut formation. Scaphiopus couchii and Spea bombiforns and multiplicata show this. |
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| Not well studied with regards to plasticity compared to terrestrial and FW. MOdel species not as well studied but do exist. |
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| Wealth of genetic information in the sea, certainly many systems worth investigating, but need to determine what they are. |
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| need to understand how ocean systems will respond to rapid changes in the ocean environment. The study of plsasticity will help in this. |
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| easily achieved between drastically different environments e.g temperature and light in reef systems. |
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| Shaw et al 2007 Foster et al 2011 |
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| already highlighted the importance of Gastroeterus aculeatus as they have both derived and ancestral populations in existance so we can try and understand the processes involved in genetic accomodation and canalization, particularly in behavioural studies. |
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| Plastic response of the reef fish Acanthocronis polyacanthus to +3 degrees above average temperatures. Showed that they reduce there size and RMR possibly to allow for redirection of resources to temperature coping strategies. No previous results are likely due to the lack of developmental stage investigations. |
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| thermal effect on Ascophylum nodossum increases growth up to 27 degrees where it is inhibited |
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| Posidonia oceanica increase flowering intesity with increased temp. |
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| Reef fish are difficult to study used cichlids instead cause of range of morphotypes. Astatoreochromis alluadi respond to mechanical stimulation by prooducing molariform teeth, follows same pathway as the development of bones. |
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| Onchorhyncus gorbuscha plastic repsonse to environemt was selected against. natal stream temperature caused early migration which led to death at sea. |
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