Term
| How many types of heat temperature pain receptors do you have and how do they differ? |
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Definition
2
One is specialized for very high-temperature damaging pain |
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Term
| What is the broad term for pain sensation and what are their receptors called? |
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Definition
1. Nociception
2. Nociceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| Responds to multiple pain stimuli |
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Term
| How many types of cold temperature receptors do you have and how do they differ? |
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Definition
2
One is specialized for very cold temperatures
Note: Heat sensors are found in higher concentration in the body then cold receptors |
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Term
| What do mechanonociceptors sense? |
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Definition
| Mechanical distortion, changes in pH, and osmolarity, and encode this into pain |
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Term
| What type of protein receptors alter the sensitivity of pain receptors? |
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Definition
| G protein coupled receptors |
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Term
| What pain fibers are responsible for the early onset of pain and how is this pain perceived? |
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Definition
| alpha delta fibers, perceived as sharp |
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Term
| What pain fibers are involved in the secondary response to pain and how is this pain perceived? |
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Definition
C fibers. dull pain.
Note: Alpha delta fibers are myelinated, C fibers are not. |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of pain and describe each |
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Definition
1. Allodynia - Pain response due to non pain stimuli (ex. touching a burn or wound after the injury happens)
2. Hyperalgesia - increased sensitivity to pain stimuli
3. Analgesia - No sensitivity to pain but non-pain stimuli sensitivity remains
4. Anesthesia - no sensation of any kind |
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Term
| Describe the pain amplification process in the PNS and CNS that follows an injury |
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Definition
1. Depolarization of pain fibers
2. Pain axons branch before the CNS to spit out Substance P and histamine leading to swelling
3. Silent pain receptors in the PNS become activated (hyperalgesia)
4. Change in pain perception cells in CNS leads to increased sensitivity and signal amplification
Note: These changes in tandem increase pain perception at area of injury and lead to allodynia and hyperalgesia |
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Term
| What section of the spinal cord does visceral pain travel through? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is referred pain and what is its use? |
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Definition
The manifestations of visceral pain on the different surfaces of the body (ex. heart attack on left chest and arm)
Its use in diagnoses is back tracing perceived pain to a damaged organ |
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Term
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Definition
The perception of pain in the absence of a painful stimulus.
Common when limbs have been removed |
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Term
| What are the two pain laminas and what are their functions? |
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Definition
Lamina I - Pain specificity (cool, burn, itch, etc.), alpha delta and C fibers terminate in this one, and run deeper in the spinal cord
Lamina V - Non specific pain information, farther out in the spinal cord, integration, alpha beta and alpha delta fibers |
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Term
| What 2 areas of the brain (nuclei) are involved in perception of where pain is and what type of pain you are feeling? |
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Definition
1. VMpo (posterior ventromedial nucleus)
2. MDvc (medial dorsal nucleus) |
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Term
| What 2 cortical regions of the brain are involved in the emotional response to pain and what role does each play? |
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Definition
1. Insular cortex - feeling
2. Anterior cingulate cortex - motivation
These two combine for your emotional response to the pain |
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Term
| What model of pain tells you where the pain is? |
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Definition
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Term
| What model of pain tells you how you feel about the pain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What physiological system is capable of wiping out pain response all together and name 3 ways it can be activated |
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Definition
1. Endogenous opiate system
2a. Psychologically (wounded soldier)
2b. Placebo Effect
2c. Drugs (can lead to addiction) |
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Term
| What is the central place that opioid analgesics act on to modulate pain response? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 opioid receptors in the body, what compounds to they react to, and which one is the most commonly targeted one? |
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Definition
1. mu, delta, and kappa
2. mu - endorphins
delta - enkephalins
kappa - dynorphins
3. Mu is most commonly targeted |
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Term
| What two brainstem nuclei are involved in pain modulation, what compounds to they produce to do this, and where do they act in the nervous system? |
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Definition
1. Raphe magnus and locus ceruleus
2. RM makes serotonin, LC makes noradrenaline
3. They act in the spinal cord |
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Term
| Describe how spinal cord gate control works |
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Definition
| Activation of a nerve near where pain is being perceived, you can block pain information from getting to the brain (ex. scratching) |
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Term
| Describe the DNIC model of pain modulation |
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Definition
DNIC = diffuse noxious inhibitory controls
There is competition when multiple injuries are being experienced and the one that is most pressing/higher priority will be perceived as the most painful relative to the other ones. |
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Term
| What compound decreases the placebo effect? |
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Definition
| Endogenous modulator (CCK) |
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Term
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Definition
A negative response after presentation of a stressful procedure
(ex. if you say a needle stick will hurt, it will hurt more) |
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