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| civil rights activist...what more to say? |
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| Montgomery, bus ride, well known activist |
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| president of NAACP, head of local Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters union |
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| Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) |
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| group of black Montgomery preachers led by MLKJ, coordinated an extended boycott of city buses |
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| group of working and middle class urban black people, against discrimination on housing and employment, Legal Defense and Education Fund (led by Thurgood Marshall) led legal challenges |
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| Morgan v. Virginia (1946) |
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got rid of segregation on buses, tested with Freedom Ride |
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| tested Morgan court case by traveling on a bus through the Upper South, cosponsored by the Christian pacifist Fellowship of Reconciliation (FOR) and its offshoot the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) |
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| Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) |
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civil rights group formed in 1942 committed to nonviolent civil disobedience |
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| 1947, won rookie-of-the-year honors with the Brooklyn Dodgers; paved the way for black baseball players who soon followed him to the big leagues |
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| UN diplomat, in 1950, he won the Nobel Peace Prize for arranging the 1948 Arab-Israeli truce |
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| new form of jazz, basically just blacks |
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| "separate but equal" segregation |
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| Missouri v. ex.rel. Gaines (1939) |
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| SC ruled that the University of Missouri Law School must either admit black students or build another fully equal law school for them |
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| McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents (1950) |
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| SC agreed with Thurgood Marshall's argumen that regulations for segregation created a "badge of inferiority" |
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| Brown v. Board of Education (1954) |
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| SC decision that declared that "separate but equal" schools for children of different races violated the Constitution |
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| a document signed by 101 members of Congress from southern states in 1956 that argued that the SC decision in Brown v. Board of Education contradicted the Constitution |
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| Gov'r Orval Faubus, refusal to integrate, violent riot, it's messy--the Nat'l Guard gets involved due to Ike's orders |
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| nonviolent approach adopted by MLKJ, Bayard Rustin of the War Resisters' League and Glenn Smiley of the FOR also supported this approach |
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| Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) |
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| black civil rights organization founded in 1957 by MLKJ and other clergy, Rev. Ralph Abernathy was the treasurer and MLKJ's close friend, nonviolent protest, used southern black church as a leading institution in the fight for civil rights |
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| nonviolent protests in Greensboro, Nashville, and Atlanta; sit-in movement transformed participants' self-image, empowering them psychologically and emotionally |
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| Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |
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| black civil rights organization founded in 1960 that drew heavily on younger activists and college students, led by James Lawson |
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| won election of 1960, had black support and advocated civil rights, established a Committee on Equal Employment Opportunity, created the Civil Rights Division of the Justice Deptmt (which was created by the Civil Rights Act of 1957) |
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| led by James Farmer, nat'l director of CORE; on May 17, CORE disbanded due to unsuccessful freedom rides; freedom rides exposed southern racism and reinforced white resistance to desegregation, also made clear the limits of moral persuasion |
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| coalition formed in 1961 in Albany, a small city in southwest GA, of activists from SNCC, the NAACP, and other local groups; this movement showed that mass protest without violent white reaction and direct federal intervention could not end Jim Crow |
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| MLKJ's new campaign against segregation, strategy was to fill the city jails with protesters, boycott downtown deptmt stores, and enrage Public Safety Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor, MLKJ jailed and wrote famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, SLCL led "children's crusade," bombing of church which killed 4 black girls, Birmingham changed the nature of black protest--protesters cared less about the philosophy of nonviolence and more about immediate gains in employment and housing and an end to police brutality |
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| SCLC, NAACP, SNCC, Urban League, and CORE; "jobs and freedom;" MLKJ's "I had a dream" speech; "We Shall Overcome" |
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federal legislation that outlawed discrimination in public accomodations and employment on the basis of race, skin color, sex, religion, or national origin; signed by Johnson who saw civil rights as a way to unite the Democratic party |
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| voter registration effort in rural Mississippi organized by black and white civil rights workers in 1964 |
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| encouraged his audience to take pride in their African heritage and to consider armed self-defense rather then relying solely on nonviolence, belonged to the Nation of Islam (NIO), founded the Organization of Afro-American unity, became a martyr for Black Power |
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| religious movement among black Americans that emphasizes self-sufficiency, self-help, and separation from white society; Black Muslims |
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| LBJ won, civil rights supported |
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| MLKJ targets Selma for campaign of registering black voters, "bloody sunday" attack, resulted in the Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| legislation that overturned a variety of practices by which states systematically denied voter registration to minorities |
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| Mexican Americans/immigrants |
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| formed the League of United Latin American Citizens (LULAC) and the GI Forum; both emphasized the learning of English, assimilation into American society, improved education, and the promotion of political power throughout voting |
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| Mendez v. Westminister & the Delgado case |
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| declared segregation of Mexican Americans unconst'l; 1954 Hernandez decision--Mexican Americans were put on Texas jury lists |
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| mojado--wetback, Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) which deported illegal immigrants--> la raza, a new civil rights movement, based on shared ethnicity and historical experiences of the broader Mexican American community |
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| The Jones Act of 1917 (made the island an unincorporated territory of the US, granted US citizenship to all Puerto Ricans), singel export crop of Puerto Rico is sugar, "great migration" to NYC/Chicago/Philadelphia/New Jersey |
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| formed the Japanese American Citizens League (JACL-led by Harry Takagi), 1952 Immigration and Nationality Act which removed old ban against Japanese immigration and made 1st generation Issei eligible for naturalized citizenship |
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| cancellation of treaties and sovereignty rights under pressure from mining and other economic interests, 1954-1962: termination bills passed covering 60 tribes, termination contributed to poverty and social problems among Indian peoples, led by Utah Senator Arthur Watkins |
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| House Concurrent Resolution 108 |
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| allowed Congress to terminate a tribe as a political entity by passing legislation specific to that tribe |
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| National Congres of American Indians (NCAI) |
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| condemned termination, calling for a review of federal policies and a return to self-determination |
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| reasserted the principle of "unique and limited" sovereignty |
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| National Indian Youth Council (NIYC) |
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| founded in 1960, tried to unite the two causes of equality of individual Indians and special status for tribes, not very successful |
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| unprecedented cycle that resulted from the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 |
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| the high priority given family reunification created a cycle of chain immigration and sponsorship of people seeking to join relatives already in the US |
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