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Organizational Behavior
Organizational Behavior – C715
115
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Undergraduate 1
06/07/2017
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Term
BATNA
 Definition
The best alternative to a negotiated agreement; the least the individual should accept.
Term
Big Five Model
 Definition
A personality assessment model that taps five basic dimensions.
• Extraversion. The extraversion dimension captures our comfort level with relationships. Extraverts tend to be gregarious, assertive, and sociable. Introverts tend to be reserved, timid, and quiet.
• Agreeableness. The agreeableness dimension refers to an individual’s propensity to defer to others. Highly agreeable people are cooperative, warm, and trusting. People who score low on agreeableness are cold, disagreeable, and antagonistic.
• Conscientiousness. The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily distracted, disorganized, and unreliable.
• Emotional stability. The emotional stability dimension—often labeled by its converse, neuroticism—taps a person’s ability to withstand stress. People with positive emotional stability tend to be calm, self-confident, and secure. Those with high negative scores tend to be nervous, anxious, depressed, and insecure.
• Openness to experience. The openness to experience dimension addresses range of interests and fascination with novelty. Extremely open people are creative, curious, and artistically sensitive. Those at the other end of the category are conventional and find comfort in the familiar.
Term
Machiavellianism
 Definition
The degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.
Term
McClelland’s theory of needs
 Definition
A theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs that help explain motivation.
Term
Theory X
 Definition
The assumption that employees dislike work, are lazy, dislike responsibility, and must be coerced to perform.
Term
Theory Y
 Definition
The assumption that employees like work, are creative, seek responsibility, and can exercise self-direction.
Term
accommodating
 Definition
The willingness of one party in a conflict to place the opponent’s interests above his or her own.
Term
adjourning stage
 Definition
The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.
Term
agreeableness
 Definition
A personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting.
Term
anchoring bias
 Definition
A tendency to fixate on initial information, from which one then fails to adequately adjust for subsequent information.
Term
assessment centers
 Definition
A set of performance-simulation tests designed to evaluate a candidate’s managerial potential.
Term
attribution theory
 Definition
An attempt to determine whether an individual’s behavior is internally or externally caused.
Term
availability bias
 Definition
The tendency for people to base their judgments on information that is readily available to them.
Term
avoiding
 Definition
The desire to withdraw from or suppress a conflict.
Term
behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS)
 Definition
Scales that combine major elements from the critical incident and graphic rating scale approaches. The appraiser rates the employees based on items along a continuum, but the points are examples of actual behavior on the given job rather than general descriptions or traits.
Term
behaviorism
 Definition
A theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.
Term
bounded rationality
 Definition
A process of making decisions by constructing simplified models that extract the essential features from problems without capturing all their complexity.
Term
citizenship
 Definition
Actions that contribute to the psychological environment of the organization, such as helping others when not required
Term
cognitive evaluation theory
 Definition
A version of self-determination theory which holds that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarding tends to decrease the overall level of motivation if the rewards are seen as controlling.
Term
collaborating
 Definition
A situation in which the parties to a conflict each desire to satisfy fully the concerns of all parties.
Term
collectivism
 Definition
A national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them.
Term
competing
 Definition
A desire to satisfy one’s interests, regardless of the impact on the other party to the conflict.
Term
confirmation bias
 Definition
The tendency to seek out information that reaffirms past choices and to discount information that contradicts past judgments.
Term
conflict process
 Definition
A process that has five stages: potential opposition or incompatibility, cognition and personalization, intentions, behavior, and outcomes.
Term
conscientiousness
 Definition
A personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized.
Term
contrast effect
 Definition
Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that is affected by comparisons with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower on the same characteristics.
Term
core self-evaluation
 Definition
Bottom-line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person.
Term
critical incidents
 Definition
A way of evaluating the behaviors that are key in making the difference between executing a job effectively and executing it ineffectively.
Term
deviant workplace behavior
 Definition
Voluntary behavior that violates significant organizational norms and, in so doing, threatens the well-being of the organization or its members. Also called antisocial behavior or workplace incivility.
Term
distributive bargaining
 Definition
Negotiation that seeks to divide up a fixed amount of resources; a win–lose situation.
Term
distributive justice
 Definition
Perceived fairness of the amount and allocation of rewards among individuals.
Term
dysfunctional conflict
 Definition
Conflict that hinders group performance.
Term
emotional stability
 Definition
A personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self-confident, secure (positive) versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
Term
equity theory
 Definition
A theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities.
Term
escalation of commitment
 Definition
An increased commitment to a previous decision in spite of negative information.
Term
expectancy theory
 Definition
A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.
Term
expert power
 Definition
Influence based on special skills or knowledge.
Term
extraversion
 Definition
A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive.
Term
felt conflict
 Definition
Emotional involvement in a conflict that creates anxiety, tenseness, frustration, or hostility.
Term
femininity
 Definition
A national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as the equals of men in all aspects of the society.
Term
five-stage group-development model
 Definition
The five distinct stages groups go through: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning.
Term
forced comparison
 Definition
Method of performance evaluation where an employee’s performance is made in explicit comparison to others (e.g., an employee may rank third out of 10 employees in her work unit.
Term
forming stage
 Definition
The first stage in group development, characterized by much uncertainty.
Term
functional conflict
 Definition
Conflict that supports the goals of the group and improves its performance.
Term
fundamental attribution error
 Definition
The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others.
Term
goal-setting theory
 Definition
A theory that says that specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance.
Term
graphic rating scales
 Definition
An evaluation method in which the evaluator rates performance factors on an incremental scale.
Term
group order ranking
 Definition
An evaluation method that places employees into a particular classification, such as quartiles.
Term
groupshift
 Definition
A change between a group’s decision and an individual decision that a member within the group would make; the shift can be toward either conservatism or greater risk but it generally is toward a more extreme version of the group’s original position.
Term
halo effect
 Definition
The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic.
Term
hierarchy of needs
 Definition
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of five needs—physiological, safety, social, esteem, and self-actualization—in which, as each need is substantially satisfied, the next need becomes dominant.
Term
higher-order needs
 Definition
Needs that are satisfied internally, such as social, esteem, and self-actualization needs.
Term
hindsight bias
 Definition
The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome.
Term
hygiene factors
 Definition
Factors—such as company policy and administration, supervision, and salary—that, when adequate in a job, placate workers. When these factors are adequate, people will not be dissatisfied.
Term
informal group
 Definition
A group that is neither formally structured nor organizationally determined; such a group appears in response to the need for social contact.
Term
ingroup favoritism
 Definition
Perspective in which we see members of our ingroup as better than other people, and people not in our group as all the same.
Term
instrumental values
 Definition
Preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values.
Term
integrative bargaining
 Definition
Negotiation that seeks one or more settlements that can create a win–win solution.
Term
interacting groups
 Definition
Typical groups in which members interact with each other face to face.
Term
interactional justice
 Definition
The perceived degree to which an individual is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.
Term
interactionist view of conflict
 Definition
The belief that conflict is not only a positive force in a group but also an absolute necessity for a group to perform effectively.
Term
intuitive decision making
 Definition
An unconscious process created out of distilled experience.
Term
job engagement
 Definition
The investment of an employee’s physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance.
Term
legitimate power
 Definition
The power a person receives as a result of his or her position in the formal hierarchy of an organization.
Term
long-term orientation
 Definition
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, thrift, and persistence.
Term
lower-order needs
 Definition
Needs that are satisfied externally, such as physiological and safety needs.
Term
management by objectives (MBO)
 Definition
A program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback on goal progress.
Term
need for achievement (nAch)
 Definition
The drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standards, and to strive to succeed.
Term
need for affiliation (nAff)
 Definition
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
Term
need for power (nPow)
 Definition
The need to make others behave in a way in which they would not have behaved otherwise.
Term
nine distinct influence tactics
 Definition
● Legitimacy. Relying on your authority position or saying a request accords with organizational policies or rules.
● Rational persuasion. Presenting logical arguments and factual evidence to demonstrate a request is reasonable.
● Inspirational appeals. Developing emotional commitment by appealing to a target’s values, needs, hopes, and aspirations.
● Consultation. Increasing the target’s support by involving him or her in deciding how you will accomplish your plan.
● Exchange. Rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request.
● Personal appeals. Asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty.
● Ingratiation. Using flattery, praise, or friendly behavior prior to making a request.
● Pressure. Using warnings, repeated demands, and threats.
● Coalitions. Enlisting the aid or support of others to persuade the target to agree.
Term
nominal group technique
 Definition
A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face to face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.
Term
norming stage
 Definition
The third stage in group development, characterized by close relationships and cohesiveness.
Term
openness to experience
 Definition
A personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity.
Term
organizational justice
 Definition
An overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, and interactional justice.
Term
perceived conflict
 Definition
Awareness by one or more parties of the existence of conditions that create opportunities for conflict to arise.
Term
performing stage
 Definition
The fourth stage in group development, during which the group is fully functional.
Term
personal power
 Definition
Influence derived from an individual’s characteristics.
Term
personality–job fit theory
 Definition
A theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type and occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover.
Term
political behavior
 Definition
Activities that are not required as part of a person’s formal role in the organization but that influence, or attempt to influence, the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within the organization.
Term
power distance
 Definition
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally.
Term
power tactics
 Definition
Ways in which individuals translate power bases into specific actions.
Term
proactive personality
 Definition
People who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs.
Term
procedural justice
 Definition
The perceived fairness of the process used to determine the distribution of rewards.
Term
process conflict
 Definition
Conflict over how work gets done.
Term
psychological contract
 Definition
An unwritten agreement that sets out what management expects from an employee and vice versa.
Term
randomness error
 Definition
The tendency of individuals to believe that they can predict the outcome of random events.
Term
rational decision-making model
 Definition
A decision-making model that describes how individuals should behave in order to maximize some outcome.
Term
reference groups
 Definition
Important groups to which individuals belong or hope to belong and with whose norms individuals are likely to conform.
Term
referent power
 Definition
Influence based on identification with a person who has desirable resources or personal traits.
Term
reinforcement theory
 Definition
A theory that says that behavior is a function of its consequences.
Term
relationship conflict
 Definition
Conflict based on interpersonal relationships.
Term
role conflict
 Definition
A situation in which an individual is confronted by divergent role expectations.
Term
role expectations
 Definition
How others believe a person should act in a given situation.
Term
selective perception
 Definition
The tendency to selectively interpret what one sees on the basis of one’s interests, background, experience, and attitudes.
Term
self-actualization
 Definition
The drive to become what a person is capable of becoming.
Term
self-concordance
 Definition
The degree to which peoples’ reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.
Term
self-determination theory
 Definition
A theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation.
Term
self-efficacy
 Definition
An individual’s belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.
Term
self-monitoring
 Definition
A personality trait that measures an individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors.
Term
self-serving bias
 Definition
The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors.
Term
short-term orientation
 Definition
A national culture attribute that emphasizes the past and present, respect for tradition, and fulfillment of social obligations.
Term
social identity theory
 Definition
Perspective that considers when and why individuals consider themselves members of groups.
Term
social-learning theory
 Definition
The view that we can learn through both observation and direct experience.
Term
status characteristics theory
 Definition
A theory that states that differences in status characteristics create status hierarchies within groups.
Term
storming stage
 Definition
The second stage in group development, characterized by intragroup conflict.
Term
task conflict
 Definition
Conflict over content and goals of the work.
Term
task performance
 Definition
The combination of effectiveness and efficiency at doing your core job tasks.
Term
terminal values
 Definition
Desirable end-states of existence; the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime.
Term
three-component model of creativity
 Definition
The proposition that individual creativity requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and intrinsic task motivation.
Term
traditional view of conflict
 Definition
The belief that all conflict is harmful and must be avoided.
Term
two-factor theory
 Definition
A theory that relates intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction. Also called motivation-hygiene theory.
Term
uncertainty avoidance
 Definition
A national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them.
Term
value system
 Definition
A hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity.
Term
values
 Definition
Basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
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