Term
| What does the thoracic cavity contain laterally? |
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Definition
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Term
| Each of the lungs are surrounded by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pleura encloses a potential space called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thoracic cavity contains a midline partition of tissue between the lungs called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| the pleura Is a serous sac invaginated by a lung and consists of what two parts? |
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Definition
Visceral pleura adherent to the lung
Parietal pleura lining the thoracic wall and diaphragm and facing the mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| When air enters the pleura cavity it changes from a potential space to a real space and the lung then collapses. |
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Term
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Definition
| = blood in pleura cavity causing lung to collapse. |
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Term
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Definition
| when other fluid enters the pleura cavity causeing the lung to collapse. |
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Term
| How many lobes does the right lung have and what are their names? |
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Definition
| 3- superior, inferior, middle |
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Term
| what are the lobes of the right lung defined by? |
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Definition
| obliqure and horizontal fissures |
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Term
| what is and where is the hilum? |
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Definition
| posterior medial on lung. where structures enter and leave with the bronchi located posterior, the pulmonary artery superior, and the pulmonary veins inferior |
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Term
| what are the embalmed right lung contact impressions. |
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Definition
Cardiac impression
Groove for the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein
Groove for the arch of azygos vein
Groove for the esophagus |
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Term
| How many lobes does the left lung have, what are their names and what are they separated by? |
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Definition
| 2-superior and inferior-oblique fissure |
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Term
| what are the emballmed left lung contact impressions? |
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Definition
Cardiac impression
Groove for the arch of the aorta and groove for the descending aorta
Groove for the left subclavian artery |
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Term
| the mediastinum is subdivided into 2 parts, called what? |
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Definition
| superior and inferior mediastinum |
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Term
| where is the superior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| above a transverse plane through the sternal angle and IV disc T4/5 |
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Term
| the inferior mediastinum is subdivided into 3 parts, called? |
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Definition
| middle, anterior, and posterior mediastinum |
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Term
| what does the middle mediastinum contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| where is the anterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| anterior to the pericardium |
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Term
| where is the posterior mediastinum? |
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Definition
| posterior the pericardium and diaphragm |
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Term
| what does the heart invaginate? |
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Definition
| a serous sac called the pericardium |
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Term
| the middle mediastinum contains what nerves, from where, innervating what? |
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Definition
| Right and left phrenic nerves, which descend from the neck to innervate the diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
| a serous sac invaginated by the heart |
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Term
| how many layers does the pericardium have? what r they? where are they? |
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Definition
2 layers, Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium) on the surface of the heart
Parietal serous pericardium, which is covered externally by a tough fibrous layer, the fibrous pericardium |
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Term
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Definition
| Is a four-chambered muscular organ that pumps blood from the right ventricle through the pulmonary arteries to the lungs to be oxygenated and blood from the left ventricle through the aorta to supply the rest of the body |
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Term
| blood passes away from the heart in??? |
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Definition
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Term
| blood passes through what? what happens there? |
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Definition
| cappilaries-where the exchange of oxygen and nutrients with tissues occurs |
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Term
| blood goes toward the heart in??? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is the blood supply of the heart especially important? |
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Definition
| due to the incidence of coronary artery disease |
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Term
| blood supply of the heart is from what arteries branching from where? |
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Definition
| from the right and left coronary arteries, which branch from the ascending aorta |
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Term
| the right ocronary artery travesses what? |
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Definition
| coronary sulcus, that separates the atria from the ventricles. |
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Term
| what is the sinuatrial nodal artery? |
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Definition
| branch of the right coronary artery, going to the SA node, which is the pacemaker of the hearts conduction system. |
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Term
| where is the Right marginal artery? branch of what? |
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Definition
| along the acute (inferior) margin-branch of the right coronary artery. |
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Term
| what is the Atrioventricular nodal artery? |
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Definition
| a branch of the right coronary artery to the AV node, which sends impulses to the ventricles through the atrioventricular (AV) bundle |
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Term
| what and where is the Posterior interventricular artery? |
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Definition
| branch of the right coronary artery in the posterior interventricular sulcus |
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Term
| what and where is the Anterior interventricular (left anterior descending) artery? |
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Definition
| brach of the left coronary artery-in the anterior interventricular sulcus; it supplies the AV bundle |
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Term
| what and where is the circumflex branch? |
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Definition
| branch of the left coronary artery in the coronary sulcus |
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Term
| what and where is the Left marginal artery? |
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Definition
| branch of the left coronary artery along the obtuse margin |
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Term
| the small cardiac vein runs with what artery? |
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Definition
| the right marginal artery |
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Term
| the middle cardiac vein runs with what artery? |
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Definition
| posterior interventricular artery |
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Term
| the great cardiac vein runs with what artery and continues as what? |
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Definition
| runs with the anterior interventricular artery; it continues as the coronary sinus when it reaches the coronary sulcus |
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Term
| what does the right atrium receive blood from? |
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Definition
| superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus. |
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Term
| what does the left ventricle receive blood from? |
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Definition
| receives blood from the right atrium through the tricuspid valve and pumps blood through pulmonary arteries to the lungs |
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Term
| the left atrium receives what? |
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Definition
| oxygenated blood through pulmonary veins from the lungs |
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Term
| the left ventricle recieves? |
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Definition
| which receives blood from the left atrium through the mitral (bicuspid) valve and pumps blood through the aorta to supply the tissues of the body |
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Term
| what is the crista terminalis? |
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Definition
| A smooth-walled part separated from a rough-walled part by a vertical ridge of muscle in the right atrium |
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Term
| what is the fossa ovalis? |
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Definition
| An oval depression in the smooth-walled area which is a remnant of embryonic development in the right atrium. |
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Term
| what are the pectinate muscles? |
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Definition
| Muscular ridges in the rough-walled part of right atrium |
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Term
| what are the trabeculae carneae? |
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Definition
| muscular ridges in the right ventrical making the wall thinner and weigh less making it easier for the heart to contract. |
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Term
| what are the chordae tendineae? |
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Definition
| Three papillary muscles that are attached to the valve cusps of the tricuspid (right atrioventricular) valve by fibrous cords |
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Term
| what is the septomarginal trabecula (moderator band)? |
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Definition
| in the right ventricle is one specialized trabeculum extending from the interventricular septum to the base of the anterior papillary muscle,which contains part of the AV bundle |
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Term
| the left atrium is what and recieves openings of what? |
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Definition
Is unremarkable but has smooth-walled and rough-walled parts
Receives the openings of the four pulmonary veins returning oxygenated blood from the lungs |
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Term
| which ventricle has the thicker wall? |
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Definition
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Term
| how many pappilary muscles does the left ventricle have? what are they attached by and to? |
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Definition
| two papillary muscles attached by chordae tendineae to the valve cusps of the mitral (bicuspid, left atrioventricular) valve |
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Term
| what is the particular sequence of the heart pumping? |
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Definition
The two atria contracting together first followed shortly by
The two ventricles contracting together from the apex toward the base |
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Term
| what is the pumping of the heart controlled by? |
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Definition
| the cardiac conduction system, consisting of specialized heart muscle cells. |
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Term
| what is the Sinuatrial (SA) node? |
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Definition
| the pacemaker of the heart |
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Term
| what is the Atrioventricular (AV) node stimulated by? |
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Definition
| electrical impulses from the SA node |
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Term
| Atrioventricular (AV) bundle carries impulses from what? dividing into what? |
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Definition
| the atria to the ventricles; it divides into right and left bundle branches to the right and left ventricles, respectively |
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Term
| where is cardiac pain commonly referred to? |
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Definition
Sternal and left pectoral regions
Interscapular region of the back
Left shoulder and medial side of the left upper extremity
Left side of the head and neck
Note: cardiac pain may also be referred to the right side |
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Term
| what major structures does the posterior mediastinum contain? |
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Definition
Esophagus and its nerve plexus
Thoracic aorta and its branches
Azygos system of veins
Thoracic duct
Sympathetic trunks |
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Term
| what is and where is the esophagus? |
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Definition
Is a muscular tube for the passage of food between the pharynx in the neck and the stomach in the abdomen
Descends anterior to the bodies of thoracic vertebrae |
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Term
| what way does the esophagus incline, why, at what? |
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Definition
| Inclines slightly toward the left to traverse the diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus |
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Term
| the esophagus is a flexible tube and has constrictions where it is compressed by surrounding structures; swallowed objects are most likely to become lodged at these constrictions, where are they? |
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Definition
at the
Junction with the pharynx
Crossing of the arch of the aorta and left main bronchus
Esophageal hiatus |
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Term
| where is and what does the functional lower esophageal sphincter do? |
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Definition
| at the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm and prevents reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus |
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Term
| why is the prevention of reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus important? |
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Definition
| because its stratified squamous epithelium is vulnerable to damage from prolonged exposure |
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Term
| what is one cause for the reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus? |
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Definition
| one cause is a sliding hiatal hernia, in which the stomach herniates upward through the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm |
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Term
| what happens in Barrett’s esophagus? |
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Definition
| the stratified squamous epithelium undergoes metaplastic change into columnar epithelium |
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Term
| The columnar epithelium in Barrett’s esophagus is prone to what? |
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Definition
| ulceration and strictures (abnormal narrowing) |
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Term
| the metaplastic epithelium of barrett's esophagus may undergo malignant transformation into what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what type of intervention does the esophagus receive and form? |
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Definition
| parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerves (CN X) and also thoracic sympathetic innervation; these nerves form an esophageal plexus of nerves around the esophagus; |
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Term
| fibers of the esophageal plexus converge into what? |
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Definition
| anterior and posterior vagal trunks just above the diaphragm |
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Term
| where does the esophagus recieve its blood supply? |
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Definition
| Receives its blood supply in the thorax mainly from esophageal arteries that branch directly from the descending thoracic aorta |
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Term
| the descending thoracic aorta is continuous above with what at what IV disc level? |
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Definition
| the arch of the aorta at the level of IV disc T4/5 |
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Term
| where does the descending thoracic aorta end? |
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Definition
| Ends at the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm anterior to vertebra T12, where it is continuous with the abdominal aorta |
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Term
| what do the Left bronchial arteries supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the Esophageal arteries supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| what do the Right and left posterior intercostal arteries supply? |
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Definition
| Right and left posterior intercostals |
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Term
| what do the Superior phrenic arteries supply? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is and what can develope an aortic aneurysm? |
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Definition
| dilatation due weakening of the wall, an aortic aneurysm; hemorrhage from a ruptured aneurysm may be fatal, thoracic and abdominal aorta can develp this. |
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Term
| what does the azygos system of veins carry blood from and to? |
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Definition
| Carries blood from the body wall superiorly to drain into the superior vena cava |
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Term
| if the inferior vena cava becomes obstructed what serves as an alternative route of venous return to the heart from the lower part of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the Azygos vein on the right side formed by? |
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Definition
| the right ascending lumbar vein and right subcostal vein |
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Term
| what is the Hemiazygos vein on the left side formed by? and what does it drain? |
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Definition
| the left ascending lumbar vein and left subcostal vein; it drains left posterior intercostal veins 9-12 |
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Term
| what does the Accessory hemiazygos vein drain? |
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Definition
| left posterior intercostal veins 5-8 |
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Term
| what is the largest lymphatic vessel in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does the thoracic duct drain? |
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Definition
| Drains the lymph from all the body below the diaphragm and the left half of the body above the diaphragm |
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Term
| what does the thoracic duct ascend through? |
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Definition
| the thorax posterior to the esophagus |
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|
Term
| what does the thoracic duct drain into? |
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Definition
| Drains into the junction of the left subclavian and internal jugular veins |
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Term
| where is the superior medistinum? |
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Definition
| Lies posterior to the manubrium of the sternum and anterior to the bodies of vertebrae Tv1-4 |
|
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Term
| what major structures does the superior mediastinum contain? |
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Definition
Thymus (remnants)
Brachiocephalic veins and superior vena cava
Arch of the aorta
Trachea
Esophagus |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Is involved in the early development of the immune system and is relatively large in children
Starts to atrophy (involution) at puberty and consists mostly of fat in the adult |
|
|
Term
| what are the right and left brachiocephalic veins formed by and what do they join to form? |
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Definition
Are formed by the union of the subclavian and internal jugular veins of their respective sides
Join to form the superior vena cava |
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Term
| what is the superior vena cava formed by? |
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Definition
| the union of the right and left brachiocephalic veins |
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Term
| where does the superior vena cava recieve blood from? |
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Definition
| the upper extremities and the head and neck via the brachiocephalic veins and from the body wall via the azygos vein |
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Term
| 3 branches of the arch or aorta? |
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Definition
| brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery, left subclavian artery? |
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Term
| what does the brachiocephlic trunk divide into? |
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Definition
| right subclavian and right common carotid arteries. |
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Term
| what does the right and left subclavian arteries supply? |
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Definition
| the right and left upper extremities |
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Term
| what do the right and left common carotid arteries supply? |
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Definition
| the right and left side of the head and neck |
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Term
| the trachea divides in to right and left primary bronchi at what IV disc level? |
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Definition
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Term
| inhaling a foreign object occurs more in which main bronchus? why? |
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Definition
| Is wider and more vertically oriented than the left main bronchus, making an inhaled foreign object more likely to enter the right main bronchus |
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Term
| phrenic nerves are formed by the anterior rami of what spinal nerves? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is a spinal nerve injury at or above C4 often fatal? |
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Definition
| b/c phrenic nerves are the sole motor innervation to the respiratory diaphragm and the sensory innervation of all but the periphery of the diaphragm; therefore, a spinal cord injury at or above C4 is often fatal |
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Term
| what do the phrenic nerves traverse to reach the diaphragm? |
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Definition
| superior and middle mediastina |
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Term
|
Definition
| One phrenic nerve may be sectioned or destroyed by a tumor, resulting in paralysis of that half of the diaphragm (hemidiaphragm); the paralyzed side undergoes paradoxical movement during inspiration (i.e., it rises instead of descends |
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