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| Types of Gestalt Principles |
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| Figure-ground, closure, similarity, proximity, |
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| When we organise visual information by perceptually separating important aspects of the visual field into the 'figure', which stands out from the 'ground', (surroundings). Often done using a 'contour'. |
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| A line of separation between figure and ground that can be perceived, or actually belong to the figure. |
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| When a figure's contours are made to be interchangeable thus causing the figure and ground to be legitimate alternatives to each other. |
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| The perceptual tendency to mentally 'close up', fill in or ignore gaps in a visual stimulus and to perceive objects to be complete. |
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| The tendency to perceive stimuli or parts of a visual stimulus that have similar features- such as size, shape, texture or colour- as belonging together in a unit, group or whole. |
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| The tendency to perceive parts of a visual stimulus that are positioned close together as belonging together in a group. |
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| Depth cues that require the use of both eyes working together in order to provide information to the brian about depth and distance. |
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| A binocular depth cue the refers to the very slight difference in the location of the visual image on the retinas. These two different retinal images are fused and the level of disparity is used to provide information about depth. |
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| A binocular depth cue that involves the brain detecting the levels of depth; from changes in tension in the eye muscles when the eyes turn inwards. |
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| Depth cues that require the use of only one eye to provide information on depth. |
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| A (primary) monocular depth cue that involves the automatic focusing-mechanism of the lens in the eye, to adjust the shape of the lens in response to differing distances of view from the object. As the lens bulges the object is closer. |
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Definition
| Monocular depth cues including linear perspective, interposition, texture gradients, relative size and height in the visual field. |
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Definition
| Size constancy, shape constancy, brightness constancy, orientation constancy |
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Definition
| The readiness to perceive stimuli in accordance with certain expectations that cause us to see one thing and not another. |
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| The environment or setting in which a perceived event occurs or an object exists influences our perceptual set. |
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| Personal experiences that have happened throughout one's life can influence our perceptual set. These experiences are subjective. |
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| Three principles of visual perception |
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Definition
| Gestalt principles, Depth cues, Visual constancy |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves processing information by starting with the individual elements of a visual stimulus and gradually building up a final representation and interpretation. |
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| Involves using psychological factors such as past experience and context to interpret and assign meaning to a visual stimulus. |
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| A misinterpretation of real visual stimuli. |
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| Occurs when two or more visual cues conflict with each other when we are interpreting visual information, and we make an interpretation that is not due solely to one visual cue or the other. |
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| When two retinal images are the same size,but one image appears to be at a greater distance, then the one that appears further away will be interpreted as larger. |
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| A room constructed using trapeziums that gives the illusion when being viewed through one eye as being rectangular. Due to the fact that one of the back corners is double the distance from the peephole as the other corner, this room succeeds in deceiving size constancy. |
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| A famous visual illusion in which one of two lines of equal length, each of which has opposite shaped ends, is incorrectly perceived as being longer than the other. |
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Definition
| Involves recognising that an object's actual size remains the same, even though the size of the image that is cast on the retina changes. |
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| The tendency to perceive an object as maintaining its actual shape despite any change in the shape of the image cast on the retina. |
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| The tendency to perceive an object as maintaing its level of brightness relative to its surroundings, despite changes in the amount of light being reflected from the object onto the retina. |
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Definition
Binocular (retinal disparity and convergence)
Monocular (accommodation and pictorial cues) |
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Definition
| The tendency to visually perceive the true position of an object in the environment even though the retinal image of the object may be at a different orientation. |
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