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Different spatial arrangements of a molecule that are generated by rotation about single bonds. Rotation about C-C single bonds is very fast, hundreds of thousands of times per second at room tempterature. |
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| The study of how ________ factors affect the structure of a molecule and its physical, chemical, and biological properties. |
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| Conformation of the type in which the bonds on adjacent carbons are as far away from one another as possible |
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| Conformation in which bonds on adjacent atoms are aligned with one another. |
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| Term describing the position relative to each other of two substituents on adjacent atoms when the angle between their bonds is on the order of 60 degrees. |
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| Term describing relative position of two substituents on adjacent atoms when the angle between their bonds is on the order of 180 degrees |
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| Decreases stability of a molecule associated with eclipsed bonds. |
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| Destabilization of a molecule as a result of van der Waals repulsion, distorted bond distances, bond angles, or torsion angles. |
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| Molecules must become energized to undergo a chemical reaction. Kinetic (thermal) energy is absorbed by a molecule from collisions with other molecules and transformed into potential energy |
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| The point of maximum potential energy in an elementary step of a reaction mechanism as they proceed to products. |
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| Destabilization that results when two atoms or groups approach each other too closely. Also known as ___ __ _____ repulsion. |
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| An effect on structure or reactivity that depends on van der Waals repulsive forces |
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| The strain a molecule possesses because its bond angles are distorted from their normal values |
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| One of the two most stable conformations of cyclopentane. Three consecutive carbons in the half-chair conformation are coplanar. The fourth and fifth carbon lie, respectively, above and below the plane. |
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| One of the two most stable conformations of cyclopentane. Four of the carbons in the envelope conformation are coplanar; the fifth carbon lies above or below this plane. |
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| The most stable conformation of cyclohexane |
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| An unstable conformation of cyclohexane |
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| An unstable conformation of cyclohexane. It is slightly more stable than the boat conformation |
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| the Hs are bonded parallel to a vertical axis |
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| the Hs are bonded along the molecule's "equator" |
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| Ring inversion, chair-chair introversion, ring flipping |
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| One chair conformation is converted to another chair |
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| Transient species formed during a chemical reaction. Typically, an intermediate is not stable under the conditions of its formation and proceeds further to form the product. Unlike a transition state, which corresponds to a maximum along a potential energy surface, an intermediate lies at a potential energy minimum. |
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| Isomers with the same constitution but that differ in respect to the arrangement of their atoms in space. |
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Two atoms are common to two (or more) rings. Numbering starts with the largest bridge, then middle, then shortest. |
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A compound in which a single carbon is common to two rings. The rings are at right angles to each other. Simplest example is ___ [2.2] pentane |
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| A ring that contains at least one herteratom is called a _____. A subtance that includes an atom other than carbon, called a heteroatom, as part of a ring. |
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| Cyclic compound in which one or more of the atoms in the ring are elments other than carbon. Heterocyclic compounds may or may not be aromatic. Many contain double bonds. The "other" atoms are commonly O, N, and S. |
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Under bridged ring category. Two rings share a common side. Bridge is common side, counts for zero atoms. |
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