Term
| bending of light when it encounters a different medium |
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Definition
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Term
| distance beyond a convex lens where rays converge on a common focal point |
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Definition
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Term
| measure of the refractive power of a lens: reciprocal of the focal length |
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Definition
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Term
| convex lenses have + or - diopters? |
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Definition
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Term
| concave lenses have + or - diopters? |
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Definition
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Term
| the fatter the convex lens the shorter or longer the focal length? |
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Definition
| shorter (more refractory power) |
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Term
| the thinner/flatter the convex lens the shorter or longer the focal length? |
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Definition
| longer (less refractory power) |
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Term
| convex lenses generate inverted or upside up images? |
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Definition
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Term
| most of the refractive power comes from the? |
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Definition
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Term
| we change the shape of the _______ to increase refractive power. |
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Definition
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Term
| 1/3 of the refractive power comes from the ________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the lens increases or decreases curvature to accommodate for near vision? |
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Definition
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Term
| when the lens is fattened to focus on something in the near visual field |
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Definition
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Term
| contraction of the ________ muscles causes less tension on the ligaments and the lense increases its curvature and refraction |
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Definition
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Term
| nonaccommadation of the lens |
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Definition
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Term
| older folks get _______ due to dec elasticity of the lens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| farsighted, focal point behind the retina, tx with convex lens |
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Definition
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Term
| nearsighted, focal point in front of the retina, tx with concave lens (biconcave lens) |
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Definition
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Term
| so reading glasses have convex or concave lenses? |
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Definition
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Term
| reading glasses have + or - diopters? |
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Definition
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Term
| cannot focus on the horizontal and vertical place at the same time, can only focus on one at a time, it is due to a non uniform curvature of the lens, tx with cylindric lens |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| biconcave lens is tx for? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| color vision, high acuity |
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Definition
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Term
| black and white, dim light |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple Rods or cones converge on one bipolar cell allowing high sensitivity and low acuity to light |
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Definition
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Term
| Few Rods or cones converge on one bipolar cell allowing low sensitivity and high acuity to light |
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Definition
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Term
| the majority of cones are located in the |
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Definition
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Term
| the highest acuity to light is found in the |
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Definition
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Term
| parting of the seas of ganglion / bipolar cells so that light is not bent and the highest visual acuity may be achieved |
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Definition
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Term
| Rods or cones must always synapse on an amacrine cell which then synapses on a bipolar cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Rods or cones can synapse on a biopolar cell without an amacrine cell intermediate |
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Definition
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Term
| I Never Give In (2x) Or (3x) Let People laugh at Ch-you (see slide in corso ppt) |
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Definition
Inner limiting membrane
Neuronal fibers
Ganglion cell layer
Inner plexiform layer
Inner Nuclear layer
Outer plexiform layer
Outer neuronal layer
Outer limiting membrane
Layer of Rods and Cones
Pigmented Epithelium
Choroid |
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Term
contains melanin to prevent light from reflecting in the eye ball, stores vit A, degrades old photoreceptor discs
regenerates photo pigment molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| have no melanin, dec absorption of light causing dec accuity - light bounces around in the eye instead of being absorbed and more rods and cones are activated |
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Definition
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Term
| has an opsin part and a retinal part |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ causes 11-cis-retinal to convert to all-trans form |
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Definition
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Term
| form of retinal that can bind to opsin |
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Definition
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Term
| _________ uses vit A to recycle all-trans retinal and convert it back to 11-cis-retinal |
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Definition
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Term
| process of 11-cis-retinal to all trans retinal conversion |
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Definition
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Term
| vit A def - causes _______ bc all trans retinal cannot be recycled back to 11 cis retinal |
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Definition
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Term
| photoisomerization causes an intermediate (_____________) to form which activates a G protein called ___________, which activates a phosphodiesterase which dec levels of ______, which causes closure of Na+ channels which causes the cell to ___________ |
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Definition
| metarhodopsin, transducin, cGMP, hyperpolarize |
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Term
| hyperpolarization causes a __________ in the amt of either an excitatory or inhibitory NT release from the rod or cone |
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Definition
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Term
| When in the bright light much of the retinal will be converted to retinol: |
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Definition
| reduced sensitivity to light |
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Term
| When in the dark for a long time the rhodopsin is regenerated and in high supply : |
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Definition
| increased sensitivity to light |
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Term
| photoactive chemicals in cones |
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Definition
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Term
| equal stim of all three color pigments |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Rods and cones secrete _______ at bipolar cell synapses |
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Definition
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Term
| only _____ cells actually generate an action potential in the retina, all other cells transmit electrical changes thru the cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| always inhibitory, patterns and acuity, lateral inhibition |
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Definition
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Term
| many types, analyze visual info before leaving the retina, increase contrast |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| white (depolarized bipolar) on black (hyperpolarized bipolar) |
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Term
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Definition
| black (hyperpolarized bipolar) on white (depolarized bipolar) |
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