Term
| Three types of secondary entropion |
|
Definition
| cicatricial, involutional, spastic |
|
|
Term
| which type of entropion is a result of scar tissue formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which eye surgery do you use vicryl? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is vicryl beneficial in surgery for entropion? |
|
Definition
| the braided suture is softer and less likely to irritate cornea |
|
|
Term
| Three types of eyelash abnormalities; which one is always gonna cause a problem? |
|
Definition
| Trichiasis, Dystichia, Ectopic Cilia; Ectopic cilia |
|
|
Term
| What is a grid keratotomy used as a tx for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are indolent ulcers usually superficial? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two main hypothetical mechanisms on why indolent ulcers occur |
|
Definition
| 1. Increased protease production in tear film 2. Presence of acellular zone that prevents proper attachment of basal epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| When basal epithelial cells are failing to adhere to underlying stroma... what do you get? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Indolent Ulcers are particularly common in : |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does topical morphine affect corneal wound healing |
|
Definition
| It doesn't - trick question. my B |
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|
Term
| Adequan and Grid keratotomy are two treatments for indolent ulcers.... which is better for combating overproduction of proteases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In indolnet ulcers, what can you place on the eye to prevent any new epithelium from being wiped away by eyelids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ground glass appearance on cornea indicates: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 7 etiologies for corneal ulceration |
|
Definition
| Eyelash Abn, Eyelid Abn, Dry eye, toxins, foreign body in third eyelid, indolent ulceration, trauma |
|
|
Term
| Two sources of pain in corneal ulcerations |
|
Definition
| 1. Cornea--> opthalmic branch trigeminal 2. Ciliary spasm (axon reflex) |
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|
Term
| You need to assess four things in an ulcer and which is THE MOST IMPORTANT??? ( WILL be on test) |
|
Definition
| 1. ETIOLOGY!!!! 2. Depth 3. Presence of complicators 4. Rate of progression |
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|
Term
| What prevents fluorescein stain from penetrating healthy cornea? ( 2 things technically) |
|
Definition
| Lipophilic Epithelium with tight junctions between squamous cells |
|
|
Term
| How thick is the canine cornea? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Three layers in corneal epithelium |
|
Definition
| Basal cells, Wing cells, Squamous cells |
|
|
Term
| Three Layers in cornea; what membrane separates the first two layers? |
|
Definition
| Endothelium - (Descemets Membrane)- Stroma- Epithelium |
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|
Term
| Which layer of corneal epithelium has low cellularity? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The cornea is avascular. Where does it get it's nourishment (Name primary then secondary source) |
|
Definition
| Mainly from aqueous humor but somewhat from tear film |
|
|
Term
| Both the endothelium and epithelium in cornea help keep it dehydrated. Which one does this by active pumping of fluid out? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you see dense, widespread corneal edema, you can safely say there is ( epithelial or endothelial) disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does atropine reduce pain in corneal ulceration? |
|
Definition
| Parasympatholytic--> calms down the axon reflex and relaxes ciliary spasm |
|
|
Term
| What's commonly in triple antibiotic |
|
Definition
| Neomycin/Polymixin B/Bacitracin |
|
|
Term
| What protein is laid down on stromal surface to begin corneal epithelium wound healing and help the basal cells ratchet across the defect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During healing of stromal defect, Keratocytes convert into _______ and make collagen to fill the defect. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the normal beneficial function of MMPs |
|
Definition
| Debridement in normal wound healing |
|
|
Term
| when you see a corneal scar, you need to distinguish it from: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Five reasons why cornea is clear |
|
Definition
| Dehydrated, Avascular, Apigmented, No keratin, Lamellar arrangement |
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|
Term
| You see hyperemia in 'whites' of a pups eye it could be hyperemia of what two anatomic structures? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If whites of eyes are hyperemic with vessels looking small, moving with conjuctiva, diffusely pink and blanch with topical phenylephrine, where is the redness coming from truely? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Almost all cases of keratitis will have secondary _____-itis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Distichia in these two breeds will almost always be a problem |
|
Definition
| Lhasa Apsos and Shih Tzus |
|
|
Term
| What is a disorder of cilia where hairs grow out of meibomian gland pores? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a disorder of cilia where hairs grow straight through eyelids ( not meibomian glands) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When normal lashes rub on cornea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what's a main complication with cryoepilation, that eventually caused skinny pimp some unexpected consequences? |
|
Definition
| transient conjuctival hyperemia |
|
|
Term
| Why are steroids strictly contraindicated with corneal ulceration???? |
|
Definition
| Can stimulate MMPs and cause a melting ulcer resulting in possible desmetocele or worse |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One caused by lots of MMP activity that eats away at stroma and "melts" cornea giving a "malacic" appearance |
|
|
Term
| Four things that can cause MMP activity ( one of them iatrogenic) |
|
Definition
| 1. corneal healing(normal or abnormally high) 2. PMNs ( again normal or abnormal stimulation) 3. Topical steroids 4. Microbe secretion |
|
|
Term
| when targeting pseudomonas in the eye... what group of drugs are the best? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why not use an antibiotic OINTMENT in a desmetocele? |
|
Definition
| Ointment vehicles are irritating to intraocular tissue and there's a good chance that this baby will rupture |
|
|
Term
| Frequency of cipro application for desmetocele pt. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a conjuctival pedicle graph, the strip of bulbar tissue provides what beneficial cells for strength? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a conjuctival pedicle graph, the strip of bulbar tissue provides what beneficial proteins that inhibit MMP activity? |
|
Definition
| a2-macroglobulin and a1-antitrypsin |
|
|
Term
| A widely dilated pupil a few days after a conjuctival pedicle graft indicates: |
|
Definition
| good news: reduced or eliminated axon reflex and therefore secondary uveitis is controlled. |
|
|
Term
| When evaluating a conjuctival pedicel graft 3 days post-op, what color would you like it to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which common infectious agent is Triple Antibiotic NOT good against |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Fluorescein stippling? |
|
Definition
| inflammation w/o ulceration |
|
|
Term
| Hx of multiple antibiotics indicates the presenting ulcer is NOT due to: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Temporary Tacking is a good temporary tx for: |
|
Definition
| ptosis with resulting congenital entropion |
|
|
Term
| Shar Peis are predisposed to superior lid ptosis which can sometime cause entropion on developing dogs... why can tacking suture sometimes be a problem in these animals? |
|
Definition
| this breed has abnormal subdermal tissue and sutures tear out easily |
|
|
Term
| What three syndromes encompass the brachycephalic ocular syndrome? |
|
Definition
| Lagopthalmia, medial canthal entropion, medial aberrant dermis |
|
|
Term
| Corneal pigmentation is strictly in: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Term for accumulation of melanin in superficial cornea secondary to superficial keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do dogs tend to manifest with chronic superficial keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neovascularization that is dichotomously branched and extends far into cornea is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neovascularization that is brish border like and on edge of cornea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| neovascularization is a sign of acute or chronic keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When the cornea is inflamed, it may recruit_____ vessels, resulting in _________. |
|
Definition
| limbal; neovasculrization |
|
|
Term
| deeper neovasularization may arise from these two intraocular diseases: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This can result from facial nerve paralysis or from conformational problems in brachycephalics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Failure to blink completely |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of entropion common in brachycephalics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Small piece of dermis in medial canthus of eye is called______ and can sometimes cause_________. |
|
Definition
| Medial Aberrant Dermis; Trichiasis |
|
|
Term
| Tx for lagopthalmia in brachycephalics |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Surgery that brings nasal superior and inferior lids together and shortening palpebral fissure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What tx would you use for hastened retreat of corneal vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What topical would you NEVER use on a corneal ulcer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Topical tx for mild lagopthalmia |
|
Definition
| GenTeal (artificial tear gel) |
|
|
Term
| what can you do to treat corneal pigmentation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| endothelial channels remaining after corneal vessels have retreated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Thick mucopurulent discharge indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ocular discharge almost always indicates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Culture and Sensitivity is hard to interpret from conjunctival swab but can assume it is usually what kind of organism? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common ocular disease seen in dogs? |
|
Definition
| Keratoconjuctivitis Sicca |
|
|
Term
| Tear film layer that acts as a surfactant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tear film ayer that is excreted by conjunctival goblet cells and in direct contact with cornea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tear film layer that is excreted bymeibomian glands and slows evaporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tear film layer that makes up majority of tears |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tear film layer produced both by lacrimal gland and gland of third eyelid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| KCS is almost always a deficiency in which tear film layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Four ways KCS can be truly iatrogenic (we cause it) |
|
Definition
| removal of lacrimal gland due to cherry eye, sulfa drugs, nasal radiation, general anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| Four non-iatrogenic etiologies of KCS |
|
Definition
| idiopathic (autoimmune), infectious, neurogenic, traumatic |
|
|
Term
| Two specific infectious etiologies of KCS |
|
Definition
| CDV in dogs, felines herpes in cats |
|
|
Term
| What immunosuppressive drug is sued for KCS |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main MOA of cyclosporin for dry eye? |
|
Definition
| directly increases tear film production in dogs |
|
|
Term
| How long do you want to give cyclosporin in dogs with dry eye to see a response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do you want to give pilocarpine in dogs with dry eye to see a response |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| last result surgery to get moisture to eye |
|
Definition
| Parotid duct transposition |
|
|
Term
| On examination there is an opacity made up of many tiny glittery dots which is consistent with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tx/prevention for corneal bullae |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what secondary problem can arise from chronic corneal edema |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| topical tx for endothelial dystrophy with minimal efficacy |
|
Definition
| topical hyperosmotic NaCl ointment |
|
|
Term
| This is a beningn non painful type of corneal dystrophy and is the most common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You have decided you see endothelial disease. Inflammation is one etiology most commonly caused by this agent: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What Diagnosis do you back into when all other causes of endothelial dysfunction are ruled out? |
|
Definition
| Senile corneal endothelial degenerations |
|
|
Term
| with suspected endotheilal dysfunction, what are you trying to rule out when looking for "flare"? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with suspected endotheilal dysfunction, what are you trying to rule out when testing IOP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does anterior uveitis cause endothelial dysfunction and subsequent widespread corenal edema? |
|
Definition
| Decrease in aqueous humor production--> malnourished endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Superficial keratitis with granulation tissue- most likely Etiology |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease has multifactorial causes/associations including Genetics, Immune mediated problems, and UV radiation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should hit german shepherd pannus dogs hard initially with this treatment at up to 6X daily |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With refractory cases of this disease, can try last resort treatments like: subconjunctival steroid injection, strontium raditaion, or even lamellar keratectomy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You see multiple free floating spherical structures that can transillimuniate in anterior chamber. What are they? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The most common lid tumor is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Other than adenomas, you migth see these benign tumors on lids: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pathognomonic for anterior uveitis ( there's more than one answer but this is most commonly seen) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If you can see a focused beam of light as it traverses through the anterior chamber, then you have: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With anterior uveitis, what subsatnce is released that causes miosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the pupillary sphincter muscle has receptors for ____ which make anterior uveitis cases unresponsive to atropine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you have anterior uveitis, why look at retina? |
|
Definition
| connected choroid and possible subsequent chorioretinitis |
|
|
Term
| Four Hallmark signs of anterior uveitis |
|
Definition
| Episcleral injection, Dec IOP, Aqueous flare, Miosis |
|
|
Term
| what percent of anterior uveitis cases are actually ocular manifestations of systemic disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of local ( affecting eye only) anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What kind of anterior uveitis can result from progressed stages of cataracts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Even tough these manifestations may not always be present, what are the six pathognomonic signs of anterior uveitis? |
|
Definition
| Aqeuous Flare, Hypopion, Keratic Precipitates, Fibrin clots, Iris nodules, Synechiae |
|
|
Term
| Four fungi that cause systemic disease assoc anterior uveitis |
|
Definition
| Blasto, Histo, Crypto, Coccidiomycosis |
|
|
Term
| Name two bacteria that cause systemic disease assoc anterior uveitis |
|
Definition
| Ehrlichia sp., Rickettsia (RMSF) |
|
|
Term
| Name a protozoan and algae that cause systemic disease assoc anterior uveitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Though usually mainfesting as a retinopathy Systemic hypertension can cause another ocular problem that looks clinically identical to : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Weird systemic disease that affects melanocytes and will present with AU and skin problems |
|
Definition
| Uveodermatologic Syndrome |
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|
