Term
| used to induce contraction of the intraocular smooth muscle (miosis), which helps to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP). |
|
Definition
| parasympathomimetics (miotics) |
|
|
Term
| may be used to cause miosis in the treatment of glaucoma. Veterinary ophthalmologists may also use it at the conclusion of cataract removal to prevent cases of postoperative increased IOP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| cholinergic agonist (miotic) that is sometimes used in the treatment of canine primary glaucoma. It may be used orally as a primary treatment of neurogenic KCS in dogs because this condition does not respond to cyclosporine or tacrolimus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Used to reduce IOPs for up to 48 hours in dogs. Causes miosis. Generally, this drug is used to manage potential glaucoma in the eye opposite from which a diagnosis of an acute congestive crisis of primary glaucoma is made. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| also known as alpha2-agonists. decrease IOP. Long-term use may result in an increase in uveoscleral outflow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to reduce aqueous humor formation. Effects are usually noted 3 to 5 hours after a single dose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| has a longer duration of action than does apraclonidine. It reduces aqueous humor formation and increases uveoscleral outflow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used clinically as an intracameral injection to cause mydriasis and to prevent bleeding after intraocular surgical procedures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opthalmic Parasympathomimetics |
|
Definition
carbachol
pilocarpine
demercarium bromife |
|
|
Term
| opthalmic sympathomimetics alpha adrenergic agonists |
|
Definition
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| opthalmic Beta-adrenergic antagonists |
|
Definition
timolol
brinzolamide
dorzolamide hcl |
|
|
Term
| primarily used to prevent glaucoma from developing in the contralateral eye of a dog that has primary glaucoma in one eye. The drug reduces IOP. These drugs are most useful in treating primary open-angle glaucoma and secondary glaucoma in humans |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| reduces aqueous humor production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is often used in the contralateral eye of a dog with primary glaucoma to prevent development of bilateral disease. It is also used for secondary glaucoma in dogs and cats because it does not affect pupil size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs aid in reducing IOP. |
|
Definition
| beta adrenergic antagonists |
|
|
Term
| decrease IOP. Long-term use may result in an increase in uveoscleral outflow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs act on prostanoid receptors to lower IOP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lantanoprost
Bimatoprost
Travoprost
Unoprostone Isopropyl |
|
|
Term
| reduces IOP, especially in canine primary glaucoma cases; results are even better when this drug is combined with carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| increase osmotic pressure of plasma and create a concentration gradient that will draw fluid out of the intraocular environment. These agents are systemically administered with concurrent water deprivation (4 to 6 hours) and are indicated only for acute episodes of glaucoma not maintenance |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an anticholinergic agent that causes the sphincter of the iris and ciliary muscles to relax. This drug is mainly used to induce mydriasis and cycloplegia for diagnostic purposes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| direct acting, alpha1-agonist vasoconstrictor drug that is commonly used in veterinary medicine to induce mydriasis before cataract removal. This drug can also be used to control bleeding for minor surface procedures. On administration, lasts approximately 2 to 18 hours. It can be used in the treatment of Horner's syndrome. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| controls pain caused by corneal and/or uveal disease. It may be used to dilate the pupil for an ophthalmic examination or before ophthalmic surgery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes mydriasis more than cycloplegic activity of the eye. has a more rapid onset of action and a shorter duration of action than atropine. This drug's effects make it useful for funduscopic examinations. In dogs, IOP does not seem to be affected |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opthalmic anti-inflammatory/ analgesic drugs |
|
Definition
Cromolyn sodium
Lodoxamide Tromethamine
Olapatadine hcl |
|
|
Term
| mast cell stabilizing agent. This drug blocks the release of histamine from mast cells after antigen recognition. This drug is particularly useful in treating patients with allergic conjunctivitis and may help alleviate seasonal allergies affecting the eyes. This drug is used for treating allergies of the eyes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may be used in horses and small animal patients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is used to stop the symptoms of ocular allergies. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bromfenac
diclofenac sodium
flurbiprofen sodium
Ketorolac tromethamine
Nepafenac
Suprofen |
|
|
Term
| used after cataract removal to minimize inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used for the treatment of uveitis. Diclofenac is the drug of choice in diabetic patients whose insulin regulation could be altered by the systemic uptake of topical corticosteroids |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may be useful in the management of uveal inflammation, especially if topical steroids are also used |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most commonly used to control surgical or nonsurgical uveitis, especially in cases with corneal bacterial infection or ulceration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used in veterinary medicine to control the pain and inflammation that accompanies cataract surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may be useful in the management of uveal inflammation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ocular steroidal antiinflammatories |
|
Definition
prednisolone
dexamethasone
betamethasone
Fluoromethalone
Loteprednol
Rimexolone |
|
|
Term
| This drug is typically used in the treatment of anterior uveitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs are used for antiinflammatory purposes |
|
Definition
dexamethasone
fluoromethalone
loteprednol |
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial-steroid combination. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ocular analgesic. is used for corneal ulcer pain relief and may also be used to lessen blepharospasms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Antimicrobial ophthalmic drugs |
|
Definition
Amikacin Sulfate
neomycin sulfate
gentamicin sulfate
tobramycin sulfate
ocular fluoroquinolones
enrofloxacin |
|
|
Term
| This drug is useful in the treatment of corneal infections, as well as in treating endophthalmitis. It does not cause retinal toxic effects. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is useful in treating superficial corneal ulcers or infections of the ocular surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is most commonly used for keratitis caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs are used for bactericidal purposes. commonly used against gram-negative corneal infections that have established themselves in the eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chloramphenicol
polymyxin B
sulfacetamide
vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| This is a broad-spectrum antibiotic that is able to cross the corneal barrier and gain entrance into the anterior chamber. (Very few infections, however, happen in the anterior chamber.) Generally speaking, Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are destroyed by it, but Pseudomonas spp. are resistant to it. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is a surface detergent (cationic). Its efficacy is against gram-negative organisms and can be combined with other antimicrobials with gram-positive activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| his drug is useful in the treatment of conjunctivitis and superficial eye infections |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is used in rabbits to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
amphotericin B
natamycin
povidone iodine
silver sulfafiazene
itraconazole |
|
|
Term
| This is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent (derived from Streptomyces nodosus) used to treat equine fungal keratitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is used to treat fungal keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug can be used for chemical débridement of loose epithelium in canine ulcers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent. Is insoluble in water and must be diluted in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in order to form a solution for instillation into the eyes. This drug may be used in horses to treat fungal keratitis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trifluiridine
Idoxuridine
Interferon Alpha
Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Cidofovir, and Penciclovir |
|
|
Term
| This drug is used to treat feline herpes virus infections of the eye. This agent may also be used to treat superficial punctate keratitis in equines, which is thought to occur due to equine herpes virus (EHV-2), which may cause problems with the cornea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug may be used to treat herpes virus infections of the eye in cats. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This drug is used to treat feline herpes viral keratitis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These drugs are used in the treatment of feline herpes ocular virus |
|
Definition
| Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Famciclovir, Ganciclovir, Cidofovir, and Penciclovir |
|
|
Term
| These drugs are most commonly used to treat feline ocular herpes virus infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drugs for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca |
|
Definition
cyclosporine
tacrolimus
pimecrolumus |
|
|
Term
| a common disorder in dogs, and it is believed from recent research that the disease may be due to an immune-mediated disease process |
|
Definition
| Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca: |
|
|
Term
| These agents are used for dry eyes, to relieve eye irritation, and are also used during anesthetic periods when the patient's eyes remain open and tear production is reduced. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The main purpose of these agents is to maintain the shape of the anterior chamber during cataract surgery |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These agents are used to stop the melting effect of collagenases and proteases on the cornea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetylcysteine
edetate disodium |
|
|
Term
| products emulsify cerumen and purulent exudate. They work by providing a surfactant, detergent, and bubbling action. Do not use these products in patients with ruptured ear drum(s). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products are used after cleaning of the ears has occurred. These agents can be used as maintenance agents to prevent ear infections after swimming or bathing. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products are commonly used with other products to help heal ear infections. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| has antimicrobial and antibiotic potentiating activity |
|
Definition
| antibiotic potentiating agents |
|
|
Term
| antibiotic potentiating agent |
|
Definition
| Tromethamine-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (tris-EDTA) |
|
|
Term
| These products are used in cases of acute or chronic otitis. They help to reduce the buildup of sebaceous and apocrine gland secretion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| designed to treat infections caused by Staphylococcus spp. or Pseudomonas spp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mainly used to treat Malassezia otitis and sometimes otic candidiasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These products are used in cases of acute and chronic otitis. They help reduce inflammation, decrease edema, tissue hyperplasia, pain, and pruritis, and to help eliminate any infectious organisms that may be present. |
|
Definition
| corticosteroids + antimicrobial |
|
|
Term
| designed for use inside the ears to stop otoacariasis. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products used to diagnose ocular problems. |
|
Definition
Fluorescein stain
lissamine green
phenol red
rose Bengal
Schirmir tear test |
|
|
Term
| used to stain the patient's cornea in cases in which a corneal ulcer is suspected. The stain fluoresces, and if a corneal ulcer is present it can be observed with the use of a cobalt blue filter and a light source. check patency of nasolacrimal duct drainage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to diagnose corneal damage and to quantify tear production. This product does not sting like Rose Bengal, but interpretation requires more experience. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to evaluate tear production. thread is a new accurate way to measure tear production as compared with the Schirmer tear test. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used most commonly to detect the presence of viral keratitis in felines. It can also be used to evaluate corneal epithelium that may be damaged due to keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used clinically to measure tear production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
proparicaine hcl
tetracaine hcl
benoxinate |
|
|
Term
| topical anesthetic used for a variety of ophthalmic procedures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| used to produce local anesthesia of short duration for ophthalmic procedures. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| supplied as drops for topical anesthesia of the eye. This drug is a human product and has not been evaluated for use in veterinary medicine. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opthalmic agent categories |
|
Definition
Ocular anesthetics
Parasympathomimetics
Sympathomimetic
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Carbonic Anyhydrase Inhibitors
Prostaglandins
Osmotic Agents for the Treatment of Glaucoma
Mydriatic Cycloplegic Vasoconstrictors
Antiinflammatory/Analgesic Ophthalmic Agents
Nonsteroidal Anatiinflammatory Agents
Steroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
Ophthalmic Analgesics
Antimicrobial Ophthalmic Therapy
Ocular Antifungals
Ocular Antivirals
Drugs for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Ocular Lubricants/Artificial Tear Products
Ophthalmic Irrigants
Anticollagenase Agents |
|
|
Term
| opthalmic agent categories |
|
Definition
Ocular anesthetics
Parasympathomimetics
Sympathomimetic
Beta-Adrenergic Antagonists
Carbonic Anyhydrase Inhibitors
Prostaglandins
Osmotic Agents for the Treatment of Glaucoma
Mydriatic Cycloplegic Vasoconstrictors
Antiinflammatory/Analgesic Ophthalmic Agents
Nonsteroidal Anatiinflammatory Agents
Steroidal Antiinflammatory Agents
Ophthalmic Analgesics
Antimicrobial Ophthalmic Therapy
Ocular Antifungals
Ocular Antivirals
Drugs for Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Ocular Lubricants/Artificial Tear Products
Ophthalmic Irrigants
Anticollagenase Agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ceruminolytic Agents
Cleaning/Drying Agents
Antiseptic Agents
Antibiotic Potentiating Agents
Corticosteroid Preparations
Antibacterials
Antifungals
Corticosteroid Plus Antimicrobial Preparations
Antiparasitic Preparations |
|
|
Term
| rose bengal adverse effects |
|
Definition
| may be toxic to the cornea and should be thoroughly flushed from the eye to prevent irritation. Hypersensitivity reactions may occur. It may also stain clothing. |
|
|
Term
| ocular anesthetics adverse effects |
|
Definition
| Tetracaine may be more irritating than proparacaine; it is only sometimes used in veterinary medicine. Prolonged use may cause delayed wound healing and corneal ulcers and may retard the blink reflex. Repeated use may cause development of tolerance to the drug. |
|
|
Term
| carbachol adverse effects |
|
Definition
| headaches, muscle spasms of accommodation, retinal detachment, and iritis (postoperatively). |
|
|
Term
| pilocarpine adverse effects |
|
Definition
| local irritation, miosis, decreased visual ability, inflammation of the uveal tract (especially with repeated doses), and hyphema. This drug should not be used in secondary glaucoma cases. With repeated use, it may cause vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation, bronchiolar spasm, and pulmonary edema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Do not use in pregnant animals. Use with caution when other cholinesterase inhibitors are used. May cause ciliary muscle spasm, headache, blurred vision, local inflammation, vomiting, diarrhea, increased salivation, and cardiac effect especially when used in high doses in small breed dogs. |
|
|
Term
| apraclonidine contraindications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| apoclonidine and brimonidine adverse effects |
|
Definition
| allergic conjunctivitis, eye itching, oral dryness, and visual disturbance have been noted |
|
|
Term
| epinephrine adverse effects |
|
Definition
| possible eye irritation at administration. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| miosis in dogs and cats to a slight degree. |
|
|
Term
| dorzolamide adverse effects |
|
Definition
| stinging sensation in cats. Hypersensitivity may also occur. |
|
|
Term
| lantanoprost adverse effects |
|
Definition
| Topical irritation and hyperemia of the conjunctiva may be noted. Various other effects may also occur. |
|
|
Term
| unoprostone isopropyl adverse effects |
|
Definition
| may cause hyperemia of the conjunctiva |
|
|
Term
| cyclopentolate adverse effects |
|
Definition
| increases IOP and should never be used in animals with glaucoma. |
|
|
Term
| phenylephrine adverse effects |
|
Definition
| Local irritation may occur. In cats and rabbits, stromal clouding may occur if the corneal epithelium is damaged. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes mydriasis and accommodation paralysis. Hypersalivation may occur in cats when drops are administered. can cause a decrease in tear production in small animals. In horses, repeated treatment may cause colic, although this is rare. |
|
|
Term
| tropicamide adverse effects |
|
Definition
| Side effects include less effective pain control than atropine; hypersalivation, especially in cats; stinging of the eye on administration; and acute congestive glaucoma in some patients. |
|
|
Term
| cromolyn sodium adverse effects |
|
Definition
| In humans, a stinging sensation has been reported at administration |
|
|
Term
| lodoxamide adverse effects |
|
Definition
| may produce a stinging sensation on administration of the drug. |
|
|
Term
| olopatidine contraindications |
|
Definition
| Do not use in pregnant animals. |
|
|
Term
| bromfenac adverse effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| flurbiprofen contraindications |
|
Definition
| patients with infected corneal ulcers because this drug can be as immunosuppressive as topical corticosteroids |
|
|
Term
| nepafenac adverse effects |
|
Definition
| may cause bleeding of ocular tissues. |
|
|
Term
| all typical nsaid's adverse effects |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluoromethalone adverse effects |
|
Definition
| High concentrations of this drug may raise IOP. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may cause contact sensitivity and should not be used in patients with a history of this problem. |
|
|
Term
| fluoromethalone adverse effects |
|
Definition
| These drugs should not be used prophylactically before or after surgery. They may cause retinal neurotoxicity in cats if administered systemically. These drugs may cause crusting around the superficial part of corneal defects, conjunctival hyperemia, bad taste in the mouth, foreign body itching sensation, photophobia, edema of the eyelid(s), keratitis, and nausea. Some allergic reactions have been reported |
|
|
Term
| sulfacetamide adverse effects |
|
Definition
| GI disturbances, allergies, renal damage, and damage to lacrimal acinar cells. This drug is contraindicated in patients with hypersensitivity problems or in patients with blood dyscrasias. |
|
|
Term
| natamycin adverse effects |
|
Definition
| may cause worsening of corneal edema |
|
|
Term
| povidone iodine precautions |
|
Definition
| These solutions need to be lavaged from the eye after no more than 5 minutes to prevent corneal epithelial damage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Personnel treating horses with this drug should wear gloves to avoid having their skin absorb the DMSO. |
|
|
Term
| trifluiridine adverse effects |
|
Definition
| must be administered quite frequently to obtain acceptable results. If cats do not respond well within a 3-week period, they are not likely to respond to this drug at all. Therefore, use should be discontinued. The conjunctiva and eyelid margins may be irritated in cats during therapy with this drug. |
|
|
Term
| acyclovir and valacyclovir adverse effects |
|
Definition
| Cats are sensitive to; these drugs may cause fatal myeloid dysplasia in the species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| should be used in cats with extreme caution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Patients are usually given this drug for life to keep KCS symptoms under control. If the therapy is stopped, the clinical signs often return. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A waxy secretion of the glands of the external ear canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inflammation of the conjunctiva |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paralysis of the ciliary muscle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eyelashes emerge through the meibomian gland opening at the eyelid margin in a misdirected way, causing the eyelashes to touch and irritate the corneal surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rolling outward (i.e., away from the eye) or sagging of the eyelid. Many times, the conjunctiva is plainly visible. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| rolling inward (i.e., toward the cornea) of the eyelid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| group of eye diseases characterized by increased intraocular pressure that results in damage to the retina and the optic nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Paralysis of the sympathetic nerve supply to the eye that may cause enophthalmos, ptosis of the upper eyelid, slight elevation of the lower eyelid, constriction of the pupil, and narrowing of the palpebral tissue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| condition in which red blood cells are present in the anterior chamber of the eye(s) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| injection into the anterior chamber of the eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An agent that promotes normalization of the development of keratin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| type of primary glaucoma of the eye in which the angle of the anterior chamber remains open, but filtration of the aqueous humor is gradually reduced, causing an increase in intraocular pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Infestation of ear mites. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vascular layer of the eye that comprises the iris, ciliary body, and choroid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| opthalmic administration types |
|
Definition
ointment
drops
can have local or systemic effects |
|
|
Term
| treat open angle glaucoma |
|
Definition
| carbonic anhydrase inhibitors |
|
|
Term
| uses for ocular anesthetics |
|
Definition
relief of corneal portion during exam
foreign body removal
tonometry
corneal stains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pyrethrins
selamectin
ivermectin/milbemycin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
head tilt
walking in circles |
|
|
