Term
| What are the numerous bead like enlargments where neurotransmission takes place on adrenergic neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the rate limiting step in the formation of norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| hydroxylation of tyrosine by tyrosine hydroxylase to form DOPA (Dihydroxyphenylalanine) |
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Term
| What do you get when you methylate epinephrine in the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what cells are norepinephrine and epinephrine stored in the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the product of dopamine being hydroxylated by the enzyme dopamine Beta hydroxylase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What drug blocks the Magneisum cation/adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent transport of biogenic amines, norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin from the cytoplasm into storage vesicles in the adrenergic nerves of all body tissues? |
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Definition
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Term
What causes vesicles inside the neuron to fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents into the synapse? |
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Definition
| An action potential arriving at the nerve junction triggers an influx of Calcium ions from the extracellular fluid into the cytoplasm of the neuron. The increase in calcium causes the vessicles to fuse with the cell membrane and expel their contents into the synapse. |
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Term
| What type of antidepressants inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine by the sodium potassium activated ATPase? |
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Definition
| tricyclic antidepressants like cocaine or imipramine |
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Term
| What are vanillylmandelic acid, metanephrine, and normetanephrine? |
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Definition
| The inactive products of norepinephrine oxidized by Monoamine oxidase and excreted in the urine. |
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Term
| What type of receptors does phenyleprine have greater affinity for? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors does clonidine bind to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of alpha receptors has the effects of substrates binding at them mediated by inhibition of adenylyl cyclase and a fall in the levels of cAMP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which class of receptors react more strongly with isoproterenol? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of Beta receptor has a higher affinity for epinephrine than norepinephrine? |
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Definition
| Beta 2, Beta 1 receptors have fairly equal affinity for norepinephrine and epinephrine. |
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Term
| What enzyme does binding at the Beta 1 or Beta 2 receptor activate? What is the result? |
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Definition
Adenylyl cyclase, the activation of which results in higher concentration of cAMP in the cell |
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Term
| What type of receptor predominates in the vasculature of the skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| Beta 2 predominately, but alpha 1 receptors are present |
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Term
| What type of receptor predominates in the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do catecholamines and noncatecholamines differ? |
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Definition
Non catecholamines lack the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring and have longer half lives |
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Term
| What increases the Beta affinity of an andrergic antagonist? |
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Definition
| The amount of bulk and substitution on the amine nitrogen. E.g. Isoproterenol binds tightly to Beta receptors due to the bulk, whereas it doesn't bind to alpha receptors. |
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Term
| How do indirect adrnergic agonist work? |
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Definition
| They are taken up by the presynaptic neuron and stimulate the release of more norepinephrine. |
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Term
| How does epinephrine effect the heart? |
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Definition
| increase systole and decrease diastole |
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Term
| What effect does epinephrine have on heart contraction and peripheral resistance? |
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Definition
| increase force of contraction with decreased peripheral resistance |
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Term
| How does epinephrine reduce IOP in glaucoma? |
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Definition
| reduces the production of aqueous humor by vasocontrstriction of the ciliary body blood vessels |
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Term
| How does epinephrine augment the duration of local anesthesia? |
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Definition
| It constricts the blood vessels thus keeping the anesthetic from being absorbed into the blood and transported to be inactivated. |
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Term
| How does norepinephrine effect blood pressure? |
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Definition
| It increases both systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
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Term
| Why does norepinephrine cause more vasoconstriction than epinephrine and why is it not useful in the treatment of asthma? |
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Definition
| Noepinephrine by definition has a weak Beta 2 activity. Epinephrine induces compensatory vasodilation via Beta 2 receptors of blood vessels supplying skeletal muscles, norepinephrine does not. |
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Term
| What effect does pretreatment of atropine have on norepinephrine stimulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is dopamine superior to norepinephrine in the treatment of shock? |
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Definition
| Dopamine does not decrease blood supply to the kidney and contribute to renal shutdown. |
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Term
| Which alpha receptors does phenylephrine bind? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does phenylephrine effect the heart? |
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Definition
No, but it causes reflex bradycardia when given parenterally |
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Term
| How does phenylephrine effect the sinuses? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does phenylephrine effect the blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effect does phenylephrine have on systolic and diastolic blood pressures? |
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Definition
| Like norepinephrine, it raises both systolic and diastolic blood pressure |
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Term
What effect can phenylephrine have on tachycardia? |
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Definition
| Phenylephrine can be used to terminate episodes of supraventricular tachycardia. |
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Term
| What advantage does methoxamine have over other adrenergic drugs? |
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Definition
| It doesn't trigger cardiac arrhythmias |
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Term
| What is the pulse in bradycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pulse in tachycardia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of patient would you give a partial Beta agonist? |
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Definition
| a patient with bradycardia pindolol or acebutolol |
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Term
| What type of drug improves chest pain and angina by putting a governor on the pulse? |
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Definition
Beta 1 selective blocker such as MAAE
Metoprolol
Atenolol
Acebutolol
Esmolol |
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Term
| What effect do beta blockers have on cholesterol? |
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Definition
Cholesterol of 180-185 will increase to 205 on a nonselective beta blocker |
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Term
| What do acebutolol, practolol, alprenolol, carteolol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, and pindolol all have in common? |
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Definition
| They all posses partial beta 1 agonist activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Normally monoamine oxidase breaks down norepinephrine that is reabsorbed by the presynaptic axon into different metabolites. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors stop norepinephrine breakdown in the presynaptic axon and thus leave more norepinephrine around to be stored in vesicles and released. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reserpine stops norepinephrine from entering the vessicles. |
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Term
| How does guanethidine work? |
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Definition
| Guanethidine stops the vessicles from being released. |
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Term
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Definition
| It blocks alpha 2 receptors leaving more norepinephrine in the synaptic cleft and thus increases Beta receptor activation due to blocking of alpha 2 receptors |
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Term
| Why would a phenylephrine drop without punctal occlusion be mildly contraindicative to a patient on reserpine or guanethidine? |
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Definition
| Reserpine and guanethidine up regulate or sensitize the receptors by decreasing the amount of norepinephrine around. A little bit will double the receptor response and thus increase blood pressure and increase pulse. |
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Term
| Is Na an extracellular or intracellular compound and what is its concentration in the blood? |
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Definition
| extracellular, 125-140 mmol |
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Term
| What is the sodium concentration of saline solution? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is potassium an intracellular or extracellular compound and what is its concentration normally? |
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Definition
| Intracellular, 3.5 to 4.0 mmol |
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Term
| What do you call increased uric acid in the plasma and what does it cause? |
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Definition
| hyperurecemia, It causes gout |
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Term
What do you call decreased plasma volume which equal decresed blood volume which equals dehydration? |
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Definition
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