Term
| What is the pale color of the optic cup due to? |
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Definition
| Exposure from the lamina cribrosa and loss of glial tissue |
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Term
| What supports the superficial layer of the optic nerve? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which layer of the optic nerve is only visible in the central cup? |
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Definition
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Term
| What layer of the optic nerve consists of the lamina cribrosa and nerve fiber bundles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tissue between the outer edge of the optic cup and the edge of the optic disc called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What color is the neuroretinal rim? |
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Definition
| orange/pink and of uniform width |
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Term
| What is the prelaminar optic nerve? |
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Definition
| The part of the nerve in front of the lamina cribrosa |
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Term
| When is the prelaminar layer visible in Direct Opthalmoscopy? |
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Definition
| only visible in the central cup |
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Term
| Which optic nerve layer consists of lamina cribrosa and nerve fiber bundles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the maximal area of optic contrast or the area of the optic cup lacking blood vessels? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for the bending in the vaculature of the optic nerve? It is best observed by evaluating the blood vessels as they cross the disc. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the relationship between pallor and cupping in the normal eye? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to pallor and cupping with age? |
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Definition
| With aging, cupping increases and pallor remains the same. |
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Term
How much do the horizontal and vertical cups have to differ to suspect problems? |
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Definition
| 0.2 or more difference between horizontal and vertical cup |
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Term
| How big must a cup to disc ratio be to be considered suspect? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a normal cup to disc ratio? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are cotton wool spots? What causes them? What diseases are they often associated with? |
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Definition
| White puffy patches on the retina caused by swelling of the surface layer of the retina which damages the nerve fibers. They are often found in diabetic or hypertensive patients. |
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Term
| How are pallor and cupping related in glaucoma? |
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Definition
| In glaucoma, pallor=cupping, but with time both pallor and cupping increase. |
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Term
What would you suspect if pallor is greater than cupping? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the shape of the macula and where is it located? |
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Definition
| oval area in the posterior pole |
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Term
| What type of pigment does the macula contain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ganglion cell layers are at the macula? |
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Definition
| The macula has less than one layer of ganglion cells. |
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Term
| What shape of light reflex is the fovea? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 1.5 mm diameter same as the average optic disc |
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Term
| What does the foveola consist of? |
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Definition
only cones and their nuclei, devoid of ganglion cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the thinnest part of the retina? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the tiny depression in the center of the foveola? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the limits of the foveal avascular zone? |
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Definition
| Inside the fovea but outside the foveola |
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Term
| What separates the RPE from the choriocapillaris? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do changes in Bruch's membrane often lead to? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a distortion in image shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call a decrease in image size caused by an increased distance in foveal cones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call an increase in image size caused by a compression of foveal cones? |
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Definition
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Term
| What magnification does Direct Opthalmoscopy give? |
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Definition
| 15X, a good magnification |
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Term
| What type of image does Direct Opthalmoscopy give? |
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Definition
| upright, magnified, and real image |
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Term
| Does Direct Opthalmoscopy offer a good assessment of lens clarity? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would you use a slit in Direct Opthalmoscopy? |
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Definition
| The slit aperture is useful for contours. |
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Term
| What is the field of view for Direct Opthalmoscopy? What is the field of view with a panoptic? |
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Definition
| 6.5-10 degrees, 25 degrees with the panoptic |
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Term
| Why do you dim the room lights in direct opthalmoscopy? |
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Definition
| to maximize pupil dilation and reduce glare |
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Term
| What type of disc crescents are brown or black? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of disc crescents are gray or green? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of crescents are white? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you document the macula? |
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Definition
| (-)FLR Flat and avascular macula |
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Term
| Which way do you tilt the lens when the patient looks superiorly in non contact fundus examination, 90D or 78D? |
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Definition
| The inferior lens is tilted toward the patient and the superior of the lens is tilted to the examiner. |
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Term
Which way do you tilt the 90 or 78D lens when the patient is gazing inferiorly? |
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Definition
| Top of the lens is tilted to the patient and the bottom to the examiner |
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