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| the capability of an organization to produce an item t an acceptable profit. |
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| the capability of an organization to provide at an acceptable cost or profit.\\ |
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| low demand, excessive warranty claims, the need to reduce costs |
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| political, liability or legal |
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| government changes, safety issues, new regulations |
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| new or changed products or services, new advertising/promotions |
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| raw materials, components, labor, water, energy |
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| product components, processes |
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| dismantling and inspecting a competitor's product to discover product improvements. |
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| organized efforts to increase scietntific knowledge or product innovation. |
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| the objective of advancing the state of knowledge about a subject without any near term expectation of commercial applicatns. |
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| has the objective of achieving comemrcial applicants. |
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| converts the results of applied research into useful commercial applications. |
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| the resonsibility of a manufacturer for any injuries or damages caused by a faulty product |
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| product carry an implication of merchantability and fitness. |
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| cradle to grave assessment |
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| known as life cycle analysis is the assessment of the environmental impact of a product or service trhoughout its useful life, focusing on such factors as global warming, smogformation, oxygen depletion and solid waste generation. |
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| refers to an examiniation of the function of parts and materials in an effort to reduce the cost and tor improve the performance of a product. Typical questions would be asked as part of the analysis include: could a cheaper part or material be used? is the function necessary? |
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| refurbishing used products by replacing worn out or defective components. |
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| design so that used products can be easily taken apart. |
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| recovering materials for future use. |
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| referring to product design that takes into account the ability to disassemble a used product to recover the recyclable parts. |
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| refers to the extent to which there is absence of variety in a product service or process. Made in large quantities of identical items; calcultors, computers, and 2 percent milk are examples. |
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| strategy of producing basically standadized goods, but incorporating some degree of customization. |
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| the process of producing, but not quite completing, a product or service, postponing completion until customer preferences or specifications are known. |
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| a form of standardization. Modules represent groupings of components parts into subassemblies, usually to the point where the individual parts lose their separate identity. |
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| a measure of the ability of a product, a part, a serive or an entire system to perform its intended function under prescribed set of conditions. |
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| normal operating conditions |
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| the set of conditions under which an item's reliability is specified. |
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| design that results in products or services that can function over a broad range of conditions. |
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| quality function deployment |
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| an approach that integrates the "voice of the customer" into both product and service development. |
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| theory of product and service design by dr. noriaki Kano who offered a perspective on customer perceptions of quality different from the traditional view that more is better. |
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| entails market analysis (demand), economic analysis (development cost and production cost, profit potential) and technical analysis (capacity requirements and availability, and the skills needed). |
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| this involves have been set, attention turns to specifications ofr the process that will be needed to produce the product. |
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| with product and process specifications complete, one or a few units are made to see if there are any problems with the product or process specifications |
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| at this stage, any necessary changes are made or the project is abandoned. Marketing, finance, engineering, design, and operations collaborate to determine whether to proceed or abandon. |
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| a market test is used to determine the extent of consumer acceptance. If unsuccessful the product returns to the design review |
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| the new product is promoted this phase is handled by marketing. |
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| based on user feedback, changes may be made or forecasts refined. |
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| product design using graphics. The designer can modify an existing design or create a new one on a monitor by means of a light pen, a keyboard |
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| the designing of products that are compatible with an organization's capabilities. |
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| a good design must take into account not only how a product will be fabricated, but also how it will be assembled. |
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| sometimes used when referring to the ease with which products can be fabricated and or assembled. |
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| something that is done for the customer. |
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| the facilities, processes, and skills needed to provide a service. |
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| the combination of goods and services provided to a customer. |
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| the physical resources needed to perform the service, the accomplishing goods and the explicit and implicit services included. |
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| a method used in service design to describe and analyze a proposed service. |
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| the maximum designed service capacity or output rate. |
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| design capacity minus personal and other allowances. |
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| extra capaciy used to offset demand uncertainty |
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| an operation in a sequence of operations whose capacity is lower than the capacities of other operation in the sequence. As a consequence the capacity of the bottleneck operation limits the system capacity; the capacity of the system is reduced to the capacity of the bottleneck operation. |
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| if the ouput rate is less than the optimal level, increasing the output rate results in decreasing average unit costs. |
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| if theo output is more than the optimal level, increasing the output rate results in increasing average unit costs. |
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| something that limits the performance of a process or system in achieving its goals. It is often based on the work of Eli Goldratt. |
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| Seven categories of constraints |
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| market: insurfficent demand, resource: too little (e.g. workers, equipment and space) |
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| too little of one or moer materials. |
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| something that limits the performace of a process or system in achieving in its goals. |
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| the volume of output at which total cost and total recenue are equal. |
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| the quantity at which a decision maker would be indifferent between two competing alternatives. |
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| the difference between cash received from sales and other sources, and cash outflow for labor, material, overhead and taxes. |
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| the sum in current value of all future cash flows of an investment proposal. |
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| helpful tool for financial comparision of alternatives under conditions of risk or uncertainty. Suited to capacity decisions and to a wide range of other decisions maagers must make. |
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| analysis of lines is often useful for designing or modifying service systems. Has a tendency to form in a wide |
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| operates on a small scale. used when low volume of high variety of goods or services will be needed. High flexibility using general purpose equipment and skilled workers are important characterisitcs of a job shop. |
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| used when a moderate volume of goods or services is desired and it can handle a moderate variety in products or services. Equipment not be as flexible as in a job shop, but processing is still intermittent. |
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| higher volumes of more standardized goods or services are needed, repetitive processing is used. |
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| used for work that is nonroutine with a unique set of objectives to be accomplished in a limtied time frame |
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| product or service profiling |
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| can be used to avoid any inconsitencies by identifying key product or service dimensions and then selecting appropriate processes. |
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| the discovery and development of new or improved products, services, or processes for producing or providing them |
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| methods, procedures and equipment used to produce goods and services. |
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| machinery that has sensing and control devices that enable it to operate automatically. If a company decides to automate the next question is how much. It can reange from factories that are completely automated to a single operation. |
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| computer aided manufacturing |
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| the use of computers in processing control ranginfg from robots to automated quality control |
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| numerically controlled machines |
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Definition
| machines that perform operations by following mathematical processing instructions. |
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| flexible manufacturing system |
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| a group of machines desgined to handle intermittent processing requirements and produce a variety of similar products. |
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| computer integrated manufacturing |
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| a system for linking a broad range of manufacturing activities through an integrating computer system. |
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| used to achieve a smooth and rapid flow of large volumes of goods or customers through a system. This made possible by highly standardized goods or services that allow highly standardized repetive processing. |
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| designed to process items or provide services involve a variety of processing requirements. |
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| the item being worked on remains stationary, and workers, materials and equipment are moved about as needed. |
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| a type of layout in which workstations are grouped into what is referred to as a cell. |
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| effective cellular manufacturing must have groups of identified items with similar processing characteristics. involves identifying items with similarities in either design characteristics or manufacturing characteristics, and grouping them into part families. |
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| can often be categorized as product, process or fixed position layouts. |
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| fixed position service layout |
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| materials, labor and quipment are bought. |
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| the process assigning tasks to workstations in such a way that the workstations have approximately equal time requirements. |
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| the maximum time allowed at each workstation to complete its set of tasks on a unit. |
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| a diagram that shows elemental tasks and their precedence requirements. |
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| percentage of idle time of a line. |
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| basic input in the decision processes of operations because they provide information on future demand. The importance of forecasting to operations management can't be overstated. |
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| financial planners need to know how many dollars will be needed, production planners need to know how many units will be needed and scheudlers need to know what machines and skills will be required. |
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| THE AVERAGE ABSOLUTE FORECAST ERROR. |
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| THE AVERAGE OF SQUARED FORECAST ERRORS. |
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Definition
| rely on analysis of subjective inputs obtained from various sources, such as consumer surveys, the sales staff, managers and executives and panels of experts. |
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Definition
| attempt to project past experience into future. These techniques use historical data iwth the assumption that the future will be like the past. |
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| use equations that consist of one or more explanatory variables that can be used to predict demand. |
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| an iterative process intended to achieve a consensus forecast. Thsi method involves circulating a series of questionaires among individuals who possess the knowledge and ability to contribute meaningfully. |
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| a time ordered sequence of observations taken at regular intervals (hourly, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually). |
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| refers to a long term upward or downward movement in the data. Population shifts changing incomes, and cultural changes often account for such movements. |
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| short term, fairly regular variations generally related to factors as the calendar or time of day. Restaurants, supermakrkets, and theaters experience weekly and even "seasonal" variations. |
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| wavelike variations of more than one year's duration. These are often related to a variety of economic, political and even agricultural conditions. |
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| caused byunusual circumstances, not reflective of typical behavior. |
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| residual variations after all other behaviors are accounted for. |
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| a forecast for any period that equals the previous period's actual value. |
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| technique that averages a number of recent actual values, updated as new values become available. |
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| sophisticated weighted averaging method that is based on previous forecast plus a percentage of the forecast error. |
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Definition
| previous forecast + total (Actual-previous forecast) |
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| trend adjusted exponential smoothing |
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| double smoothing. variation of exponential smoothing used when a time series exhibits a linear trend. |
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| in time series data are regularly repeating upward or downward movements in series values that can be tied to recurring events. |
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| percentage of average or trend. |
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| a moving average positioned at the center of the data that were used to compute it. |
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| variables that can be used to predict values of the variable of interest |
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| technique for fitting a line to set of points |
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| minimizes the sum of the squred vertical deviations aroudn the line yc=a+bx |
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| standard error of estimate |
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| a measure of the scatter of points around a regression line |
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| a measure of the strength and direction of relationship between two variables. A correlation of +1 means that changes in one variable are always atched by changes in the other -1 means that increases in one variable are matched by decreases in the other. |
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| a visual tool for minotoring forecast errors. |
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| the ratio of cumulative forecast error to the corresponding value of MAD, used monitor forecast. |
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