Term
| What are the characteristics of late perimenopause? |
|
Definition
irregular menstrual cycle
2 or more skipped cycles
at least 1 intermenstrual cycle interval >60 days |
|
|
Term
| What period of time without menses is necessary for a diagnosis of menopause to be made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Early menopause occurs when? |
|
Definition
| first 5 years after initial 12 months w/out cycle |
|
|
Term
| What is the interval of late menopause? |
|
Definition
| 5 years after the onset of menopause until death |
|
|
Term
| Which phase of the menstrual cycle is shortened after age 45? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is average time range of menstrual cycle for most women 25-35? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the average menstrual cycle for females at age 35? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are estradiol, progesterone, LH, and FSH levels affected during menopause? |
|
Definition
estradiol - decreased
progesterone - remains the same
LH - remains the same
FSH - elevated |
|
|
Term
| What is the average age of onset for menopause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the correlation between age of menarche and age of menopuase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is premature menipause defined? |
|
Definition
| onset of menopause prior to age 40 (0.9% of female population) |
|
|
Term
| Where are androgens synthesized in females? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adnrogen is synthesized by the ovaries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to androgen levels in after menopause? |
|
Definition
| 50% reduction (from adrenal gland) |
|
|
Term
| What two tissues are capable of producing progesterone (minus the placenta)? |
|
Definition
| ovaries and small amounts from adrenal gland |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in general to the female reproductive tract after menopause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: atrophic cystitis may be caused by menopause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the potential consequences to the urethra after menopause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can menopause contribute to vaginitis? |
|
Definition
| reduce levels of glycogen in vaginal structures, decrease in lactic acid formation, less acid produced, increased pH (becoming more basic), basic environments are more bacterial friendly than acidic environement |
|
|
Term
| What part of the endometrium is likely to be increased during menopause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary treatment of atrophic vaginitis? |
|
Definition
| estrogen therapy (if other symptoms), local estrogen (w/out other symptoms of menopause, antibiotics as needed? |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of women exhibit hot flashes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Up to 50% of women have hot flashes for how long? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While the specific mechanism of hot flashes is unknown what aspects of hot flashes do we understand? |
|
Definition
| vasodilation of skin and sweating occur |
|
|
Term
| Hot flashes are correlated with what hormone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What treatments are available for hot flashes? |
|
Definition
| progestins, SSRIs, gabapentin <-- has a central effect |
|
|
Term
| Within the first five years of menopause most women experience what percentage of boneloss w/out treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bone densitometry deviation of 1 to 2.5 is clinically diagnoses as...? |
|
Definition
| osteopenic (>2.5 is osteoporotic) |
|
|
Term
| What treatment options are available for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis? |
|
Definition
ovarian estrogens before menopause
andorgens/PTH/Progestins to protect bone
calcium supplementation
Vit D
exercise
bisphosphates
anti-reabsorptives - calcitonin (inhibits osteoclasts), PTH (last resort, $$$), roloxifen (decreases osteoclastic activity) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main treatment for sexual dysfunction in postmenopausal women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two specific indications were mentioned by Dr. Oorman for estrogen therapy? |
|
Definition
| genital atrophy and osteoporosis |
|
|
Term
| Why must estrogen therapy be supplemented with some amounts of progesterone? |
|
Definition
| otherwise the endometrial layer proliferate w/out regulation and may lead to endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, and bleeding |
|
|
Term
| T or False: Estrogen/progesterone therapy do not increase the risk of ischemic stroke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the potential effects of progesterone/estrogen therapy on the gall bladder? |
|
Definition
| increased cholesterol handling which may precipitate in cholesterol stones |
|
|
Term
| What are the contraindications for hormone therapy in women? |
|
Definition
| bleeding, estrogen dependence, DVT, stroke, liver disease |
|
|
