Term
| What is the Old Testament? |
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Definition
| Set of 39 books that are scriptures to 3 religions. 24 books in Hebrew scripture |
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Term
| When were the writings accepted by Jews? |
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Definition
| Compiled and accepted by Jews as authoritative around 90 CE |
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Term
| What are the 3 religions that the Old Testament serves as scriptures? |
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Definition
| Jews, Christians, and Muslims |
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Term
What are these books referred to for Christians? |
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Definition
| the Old Testament: testament comes from the Greek word meaning covenant. Used by the Apostle Paul who borrowed it from Jeremiah 31:31 referred to Hebrew scriptures as "Old Convenant" |
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Term
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Definition
| Called Tanaach. Hebrew Scripture goes from Isaac to Jacob |
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Term
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Definition
Is the BIBLE
(from the OT to the NT) |
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Term
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Definition
1. the Koran Arabic word written by the founder of Islam Mohammed 6th century Common Era
2. dictated Koran to his wife, received visions from the angel Gabriel. Traced lineage to Abraham – first wife Sarah; practice called surrogacy she couldn’t have children;
3. Haggar was the Egyptian gave birth to Ishmael. Sarah gave birth to Isaac. Which one is the heritage going to?
4. Sarah forces Abraham to send Haggar and Ishmael away; go into Arabian desert; centuries later; birth of Mohammed. |
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Term
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Definition
| written by different writers, at different times, and for different reasons and put together in one book |
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Term
| Why are the books known as scriptures? |
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Definition
| Because they are inspired and believed to be the word of God; judgement of faith |
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Term
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Definition
| set of books considered to be scriptures inspired by a religion therefore followed |
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Term
| Hebrew Canon consist of how many subdivisions and what are they? |
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Definition
1. The law: Torah or the Pentateuch
2. The Prophets
3. The writings |
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Term
| Describe the first subdivision of the Hebrew Canon |
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Definition
Law or Torah or Pentateuch: first 5 books in the OT:
Gen, Exd, Lev, Num, Dtr
1. begins with 2 account of creation, the fall (sin), flood (2), Noah, sin, Babel, Patriarch (Abe, Isaac, Jacob), Joseph (Jews relocate to Egypt and then become enslaved), EXODUS (Moses leads ppl out of Egypt), Sinai (covenant with God) LAW, Edge of Jordan, death of Moses |
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Term
| Key theological historical Event |
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Definition
| The Exodus: Moses leads the ppl out of captivity. Exodus to the Jews is like the resurrection to the Christians |
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Term
| Key figure in the Pentateuch |
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Definition
| Moses: God communicates through Moses. Hebrew scrolls ae identified as the 5 books of Moses |
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Term
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Definition
| Christians theory that Moses was the author, then came the contradiction of the enlightenment. Number of repititions and anarchronism |
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Term
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Definition
| out of sequence chronologically |
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Term
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Definition
Old Testament scholar named J Wellhausen developed the theory that there were 4 writers of the
Pentateuch J E D P |
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Term
| What themes appear in the Pentateuch? |
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Definition
| Monotheism, Covenant with Noah, Covenant with Moses, Covenant with Abraham |
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Term
| When was the formal acceptance of the books? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the second subdivision of the Hebrew Canon? |
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Definition
| Called the Prophets: two subdivisions: Former Prophets and Latter Prophets |
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Term
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Definition
Joshua, Judges, 1,2 Samuel, 1,2 Kings.
Involve conquest -> exile. Includes Age of Judges, United Monarchy, Divided Monarchy. HISTORY OF ISRAEL |
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Term
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Definition
| Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, plus 12 minor prophets ie Amos, Josaiah |
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Term
| When was the second subdivision written? |
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Definition
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Term
| Central figure in the Prophet section of the Hebrew Canon? |
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Definition
| None, Centers around the history of Israel and God's involvement in the history through Kings like David, Priests, and Prophets. Includes divine judgement and punishment for Israel's sins |
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Term
| Describe the third subdivision of the Hebrew Canon? |
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Definition
The Writings: set of misc material.
1. Historical books: 1,2 Chronicles, Ezra and Nehemiah
2. Collection of hymns: Psalms, and Lamentations: song of mourning over the fall of Jerusalem
3. Wisdom tradition: ethical philosophical: Proverbs, Job, Ecclesiastes: talk about morality, reflective issues, divine justice
4. Misc books: Song of Solomon, Ruth, Esther: very important books describing women in a very positve way. Esther saved her people from destruction. And Daniel is a prophet but book was written 175 BCE |
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Term
| Why study the Old Testament? |
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Definition
Historical Considerations
Literary Value
Theological Ideas |
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Term
| What are historical considerations? |
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Definition
| History of Israel will help understand contemporary political situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Many books considered to be world literature. Good example that was contemporary with Greek tragedy |
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Term
| What are theological Ideas? |
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Definition
origins that are important to ppl today. Monotheism: Judaism, Christianity, Muslim
Hindus have 1000's of gods
Relationship between religious faith and ethics
Divine retribution: rewarding good behavior and punishing bad behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| Method called Historical Methods and consist of 4 methods: Texual, Source, Form, and Traditional |
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Term
| What is Textual Criticism? |
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Definition
| attempts to determine the earliest/oldest version of a certain text. Earliest text written in Hebrew dates back to 1000 BCE some maybe 4000 yrs old |
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Term
| What is the earliest copy of text complete version called? |
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Definition
| Codex Aleppo: found in city in Syria and dates back to 950 CE. Referred to as MT (Masoretic Text) |
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Term
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Definition
| set of manuscripts found 1948-1955 in caves near the Dead Sea in Qumran. |
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Term
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Definition
| group of ppl; Sect of Jews like a denomination. Lived in Qumran and spent their time copying scrolls. Date back to 250 BCE |
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Term
| Scrolls are of 2 types...what are they? |
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Definition
1. Sectarian scrolls: talked about life and the beliefs of the Essenes: talked about coming of the Kingdom of God, John the babtist and Jesus
2. Biblical manuscripts: copies of every book in the OT except Esther. Almost identical to Codex Aleppo...very few major differences. |
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Term
| What is the Greek OT version called? |
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Definition
| LXX: Septuagint: came about following conquest of Alex the Great in 333 |
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Term
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Definition
| forcing Greek culture where ever. They had to translate from Hebrew to Greek. 250 BCE and we don't have copies of that version |
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Term
| What are the earliest copies of the OT in greek? |
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Definition
4 manuscripts:
1. Codex Sinaiticus 4th CE
2. Codex Vaticanus 5th CE
3. Codex Alexandrinus 5th CE
4. Codex Bezae 5th CE |
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Term
| What did the Greek versions contain? |
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Definition
| OT and NT. Also contained Apocrypha: books written between OT and NT |
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Term
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Definition
| Set of 17 books 250-90 CE during the Greek period. Gives a closer look on Judaism. For Roman Catholics, not Jews and Muslim. |
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Term
| Differences between Hebrew and Greek OT |
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Definition
1. LXX is chronological; MT arranged by Canon
2. Greek contains Apocrypha; MT does not
3. Books in Apocrypha are different lengths Jeremiah is 52 CH in MT and 36 in LXX
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Term
| What are the translation differences? |
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Definition
Greek uses hellenistic mentality
Hebrew has the Jewish mentality |
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Term
| What is the version of the OT in Latin best example? |
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Definition
| The vulgate: contains the OT and NT and the Apocrypha |
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Term
| Who made the translation of the Vulgats? |
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Definition
| St Jerome and included the Apocrypha. Dates to 4th CE. |
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Term
| What are the dates the Roman Catholics used the vulgate? |
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Definition
| From 4th CE to 1961 Roman Catholics used latin version. |
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Term
| Who translated the German version of the Bible? |
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Definition
| in 16th century by Martin Luther, town called Wittenberg; helped by Guttensberg. Left off the Apocrypha. He was a German Monk |
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Term
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Definition
| German monk; he got defrocked for his questioning of the laws of the Catholic Church. This marks the beginning of the Protestant Reformation. |
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Term
| Who made the English version of the Bible? |
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Definition
| M Coverdale and J Wycliffe; not widely used b/c thought to be heretical |
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Term
| Who changed the English version of the bible? |
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Definition
| King James I when he became king of London. Scholars made version in 1611 known as King James Version. First authorized published version of English |
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Term
| When did the Revised Standard version become available? |
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Definition
| 1952 and in 1995 New Revised Standard Version. English version is not a literal translation |
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Term
| What is Source Criticism? |
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Definition
Who was the author
What is the date
what are the circumstances
Looks at written document |
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Term
| What is the multiple authorship of Isaiah? |
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Definition
Bernard Duhm noticed differences in historical settings.
CH 1-39 8th century Isaiah
CH 40-55 6th century II Isaiah
CH 56-66 5th century III Isaiah |
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Term
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Definition
| push is back to the oral stage of traditions, when it was passed along by word of mouth. Literary Genre, Structure of the unit, intent of the writer, setting in life. |
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Term
| What is the best example of form Criticism? |
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Definition
| Method by H Gunkel, patriarchs in Gen 12-36. He said the material was saga not history. |
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Term
| What is Traditional criticism? |
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Definition
| refers to a set of usually theological ideas. Several traditions: covenant, temple, monarchy. |
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Term
| What is a good example of tradition criticism? |
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Definition
| M. Noth saw a common view in these books: Deut, Joshua, Judges, 1,2 Samuel, 1,2 Kings. |
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Term
| What did M. Noth conclude? |
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Definition
| these were 6th century Redactor and called it Dtr. A redactor takes material from different sources and makes it say what he wants to say. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Historical Method of Criticism? |
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Definition
| To bridge the historical gap between then and now. |
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Term
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Definition
| large piles of dirt, Arabic word for mound. |
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Term
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Definition
| Layers of strata in the tels |
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Term
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Definition
| when archeologist begin to dig down a site. |
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Term
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Definition
| found on top of mounds and was what they found within tels |
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Term
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Definition
| also known as potsherd: broken pottery ppl would find on top of tels. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1920, 30, and 40's archeologist during WWI and WWII. Major site he excavated was Debir. Became standard model for stratigraphic excavation |
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Term
| Who is George Ernest Wright? |
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Definition
| student of Albright. excavated biblical city of Shechem. Wrote a book called Shechem |
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Term
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Definition
| excavated Jerusalem and Jericho. Not much results from Jerusalem. Re-excavated Jericho found a tower 8000BCE and Jericho wasn't resettled. |
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Term
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Definition
| new wave scholar major part of 20th century. 1990's major work shifted from European to Israeli scholars. He escavated 2 sites: Hazor-largest mound in Israel and Madada: limestone mountain located at ehe southern tip of the Dead Sea. 1600 ft tall. |
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Term
| What was so important about Masada? |
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Definition
| It was the site of a suicide pact made by 869 Jews that didn't want to become Roman slaves. |
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Term
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Definition
| Dead Sea Scrolls. Over 800 manuscripts found in caves. Housed in Israel in a cave called the Dome of the Rock. |
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Term
| What else did they find in the caves? |
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Definition
| pottery, tools, and weapons and remains of ancient sancutaries. We'd like to find the remains of the Solomonic Temple. When King David and King Solomon were around was when Jerusalem was important 1000 BCE |
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Term
| What was the History of the Ancient Near East called? |
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Definition
| the Fertile Crescent or the Levant. Territory that begins with Persian Gulg down to Egypt. Mesopotomia, Syria/Palastine, and Egypt |
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Term
| What is the earliest major archeological period called? |
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Definition
| Paleolithic Period or Old Stone Age: 300,000BCE-10000BCE |
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Term
| What is the major site in Syria/Palestine called? |
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Definition
| Ubaidiyah...earliest site that indicates human occupation |
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Term
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Definition
| Oldest bones dated back to 300,000 BCE |
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Term
| What is after the Paleolithic Period or Old stone age? |
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Definition
| Mesolithic or the Middle Stone Age: dated from 10000-8000BCE. |
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Term
| Why is the Middle stone age important? |
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Definition
| Because we assign the two earliest complete skeletal ramains found in Syria/Palestine. 2 men found at Mt Carmel and 1 at Jericho. and a Mesolithic Tower found in Jericho (circular and strong) |
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Term
| What is the third period called? |
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Definition
| Neolithic or New Stone Age: dated 8000-4000 BCE: civilization underway and rise of modern cities. Lrg cities in Egypt, Meso, and S/P. Beginning of ceramic industry. |
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Term
| What is the Chalcolithic period? |
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Definition
| After the New Stone Age: 4000-3000BCE; main material was copper and city was Ghassul. Copper was too soft so it was mixed with tin. |
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Term
| What came after the Chalcolithic Period? |
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Definition
The Bronze Age: 3000-1200BCE
Early Bronze 3000-2200
Middle Bronze 2200-1700
Late Bronze 1700-1200 |
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Term
| What is so important about the Bronze Age? |
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Definition
| Albright assigns the patriarchs to this period (Abe, Isaac, and Jacob). Culture goes down after the Middle Bronze Age |
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Term
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Definition
Dates 1200-
Comes after the Bronze Age. History of Israel. |
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Term
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Definition
| Earliest cultured known in this area was Sumerian 2800-2000. Land called Southern Meso. Sumer was a collection of otherwise city and states: Nippur, Lagash, Eridu, Babylon, Ur. |
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Term
| When did Sargon I establish Empire of Akkad? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Sumerians credited for? |
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Definition
| System of writing called Cuneiform |
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Term
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Definition
| system of wedge writing by pressing pencil into the plate. Is a script not a language. Spoken and written language was cuneiform. with development of writings came narratives, prayer, poems, hymns, and proverb. |
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Term
| What are the 3 Law Codes? |
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Definition
Ur-nammu 21th- 3000
Lipit-Ishtar 19th
Eshnumma 19th
All written in casuistic style and are case-law (if...then..) and they show up in the OT |
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Term
| When did the Sumerians come to an end? |
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Definition
| As a result of the conquest of Gutians. 3 of the city states survived called the City-State of ppl. They moved into southern Meso around 2000 |
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Term
| When was the City-State Period? |
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Definition
| 1900-1750. First city was called Asshur - 1850 which is Modern day Iraq. Became first Assyrian Empire; on the Tigres River |
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Term
| What was the second city of the City-State Period called? |
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Definition
| Mari. Located on the Euphrates. 1800; found a royal palace with library that contained the Mari Letters. |
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Term
| What are the Mari Letter? |
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Definition
| Documents with lrg number of Personal names that appear in OT: Sarah, Benjamin. Letters also talk about political situation as absolute chaos. Social economic group (Haribu harrassing the citizens) |
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Term
| What is the third city that survived in the City-State period? |
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Definition
| Babylon: became the strongest and dominated the entire region. It gets a period all on it's own |
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Term
| When was the first Dynasty of the Babylon Period? |
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Definition
| 1750-1550. First King Hammurabi: responsible for editing and compliling the Law Codes. |
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Term
| What was significant about King Hammurabi? |
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Definition
| He made a stele (8.5 ft tall) and put the law codes on it. On the very top was a picture of the Babylonian Sun god Shemesh. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the picture on the stele? |
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Definition
| It gives the law a strong theological sanction. His empire came to an end by the Hittites in 1550. |
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Term
| Describe the Hittite Empire. |
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Definition
1. very militaristic people. they wanted the land of Canaan b/c it had a bridge that connected Europe and Asia with Africa
2. Result left Canaan devestated. Egyptians and Hittites fighting
3. They introduced light horse-drawn chariot. Discovered wood that was strong and lightweight and built chariots |
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Term
| Describe the Hurrian Empire |
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Definition
| Lived in Mitanni and lasted from 1700-1500. Mitanni is in the Northern part of Syria. Capital city is Nuzi. Library with Nuzi Text that talked about social and religious practices of the people. Also known in the OT as Hyksos. 1750 they relocate down to Egypt. Picked up the Hebrews on their way. Ruled for 100 years |
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Term
| What two biblical text did we discuss outside the bible? |
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Definition
| The Mari Letters and the Nuzi Text. |
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Term
| Describe the Cassites Empire. |
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Definition
| 1500-1400 they lived in South Meso and lived where the 1st Dynasty of Babylon. Preserved lots of Sumer/Babylo legends and text. Major contribution to Western Civilization. |
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Term
| Describe the Assyrian Empire. |
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Definition
First Empire was from 1850
Middle Assyrian Empire was from 1440-1040
Third Assyrian Empire was from 876-612 |
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Term
| Which Assyrian Empires was most important and why? |
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Definition
The 3rd Empire considered to be the Evil Empire. 4 Kings date to 8th century
Tiglath-Pileser III
Shalmaneser V
Sargon II
Sennecherib |
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Term
| What happened in 722-721? |
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Definition
| Sargon II conquered northern Kingdom known as Israel; destroyed city of Samaria. Capital of 3rd empire was Nineveh. |
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Term
| What happened to Nineveh? |
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Definition
| fell to the army of Nabopolassar and the Neo-Babylonians in 612. He slipped out of town to Carchemish -609 but Nabo caught up with him. |
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Term
| Describe the Neo-Babylonians |
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Definition
612-539 major conqerers of Syrians. 3 major kings
Nabopolassor
Nebuchadnezzar
Nabonidus |
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Term
| What happened in 587-586? |
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Definition
| Nebuchad conquered the southern Kingdom and sent Jews into exile. They didn't last very long. |
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Term
| Describe the Persian Empire |
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Definition
| 539-333 Cyrus the Great put Neo-Baby to end 6th century. known for famous EDICT: Let the Jews return home. |
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Term
| When did the anti-Jewish begin? |
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Definition
| in 168 town called Modine. Priest Mattathias was gathering ppl for worship. He dies and passes on to son Judas Maccabeus |
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Term
| What is the Maccabean Revolt? |
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Definition
| Greeks called it this because Judas Maccabeus develops a revolt that recaptured part of Jerusalem called the Temple Mound. |
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Term
| What is significant about December 1st? |
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Definition
| Origin of Hannukah: commemorates the recapture. |
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Term
| What is Darius the King known for? |
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Definition
| 5th century. Wanted a memorial and it was built on a Behiston Rock. |
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Term
| What is the significance of the Behistun Rock? |
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Definition
| helped scholars learn to translate cuneiform just as Rossetta Stone allowed us to read heiroglyphics |
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Term
| Who were the Cultural elite? |
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Definition
| They were noted for work in Philosophy and art. History of Persia would be found in Iran. |
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Term
| What Persian religion had a major impact on the OT? |
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Definition
| Zonoatrianism: came about 6th century religious leader Zoraster. Notion of Devil comes from here. Eschatology (coming of God-Final days) |
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Term
| Who brought Persians to end? |
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Definition
| Greeks 333-165 with the conquest of Alex the Great. After his death the empire was divided between 3 generals. |
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Term
| What were the 3 subdivisions of the Greeks? |
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Definition
Antagonids: Greece and Macedonia
(northern part of Greece)
Seleucids: Syria and parts of Mesopotomia
Ptolomies: Egypt and Palestine |
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Term
| What happened in 200BCE with Greeks? |
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Definition
| Seleucids were angry and Antiochus IV Epiphanes took over and they annexed Palastine. He took on Hellenization. Jews were not allowed to practice their religion |
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Term
| What are the 2 capital cities of the Northern Kingdom? |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the Jews come back to the land? |
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Definition
First wave in 538 by Sheshbazaar
Second wave in 525 by Zerubabel |
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Term
| What were the problems of the returning Jews? |
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Definition
Persecution: hostility broke out between Babylonians and Samaritans
Poverty: flat line economy
Pessimism: deployed erchaton |
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Term
| Who prepared the Rosetta stone and why? |
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Definition
| Egyptians b/c they thought ppl would not remember who they were. They prepared Trilingual inscription: Greek, Demotic, hieroglyphics. Found in 1798 lead to discovery on how to read hieroglyphics |
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Term
| Who were the different chief gods of Sumer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chief gods of the Assyrians? |
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Definition
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Term
| Chief gods of the Babylonians? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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