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| A stimulus that precedes or accompanies a behavior and may exert discriminative control over that behavior |
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| It is a system designed to analyze and change behavior in a precisely measurable and accountable manner. |
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| Repeated measures of the strength or level (e.g., frequency, intensity, rate, duration, or latency) of behavior prior to the introduction of an experimental variable. |
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| Any living organism’s directly measurable actions or physical functions, including both saying and doing. |
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| The specified dependencies or relations between behavior and its antecedents and consequences. |
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| Doctrine that acts of will, occurrences in nature, or social or psychological phenomena are causally determined by preceding events or natural laws. |
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| Differential reinforcement |
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Definition
| Consists of reinforcing particular behavior(s) of a given class (or form, pattern or topography) while placing those same behaviors on extinction and/or punishing them when they fail to match performance standards or when they occur under inappropriate stimulus conditions. |
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| A response that occurs only when the particular SD is present. |
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| Discriminative stimuli (SD) |
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| Stimuli that control behavior differentially, after having been present reliably when a response either has been reinforced, placed on extinction, or punished. |
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| An antecedent stimulus in the presence of which a given response is not likely to be reinforced. |
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| In respondent conditioning of reflexes, a verb used to denote the effect of an antecedent conditioned or unconditioned stimulus on a conditioned or unconditioned response. |
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| A verb that describes the occurrence of an operant behavior. |
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| The context in which the behavior occurs. |
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| Practices, programs, or procedures scientifically demonstrated to be effective with like populations. |
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| A theory that all forms of life naturally and continually evolve as a result of the interaction between function and the survival value of the function. |
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| Experimental analysis of behavior |
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Definition
| A scientific method designed to discover the functional relation between behavior and the variables that control it. |
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| The diminished rate (or eventual total absence) of a behavior, resulting from the discontinuation of reinforcement contingent on a particular target behavior. |
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| A predictable, temporary increase in the rate, variability, and intensity of an array of (presumably previously reinforced) responses. |
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| Includes the following elements: motivating or establishing operations, antecedent stimuli (discriminative stimuli), responses (behaviors), and consequences. |
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| A lawful relation between values of two variables. |
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| The spread of effects to other classes of behavior, when one class of behavior is modified by reinforcement, extinction, and so on. The shift in the form or topography of a behavior. |
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| The occurrences of the response in the presence of antecedent stimuli sharing certain characteristics with those previously correlated with reinforcement. |
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| Effective for a wide range of behaviors as a result of having been paired with a variety of previously established reinforcers (primary and conditioned). |
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| Intermittent reinforcement |
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement in which some, but not all, of the occurrences of a response are reinforced. |
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Definition
| A schedule according to which reinforcers are presented contingent on the first response emitted following an interval of a constant time period. |
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| Variable interval schedule |
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Definition
| A schedule according to which reinforcers are presented contingent on the first response emitted following the completion of intervals averaging a specific time period. |
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| Any enduring change in behavior produced as a function of the interaction between the behavior and the environment. |
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| A restriction placed on an interval schedule requiring that to be eligible for reinforcement, the primed response (the first response following termination of the required interval) must occur within a specific span of time following that interval. |
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| A description of a phenomenon according to which organisms distribute their responses according to the proportion of payoff during choice situations. |
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Definition
| Antecedent events that (a) change the value of the consequence, or, (b) along with the immediate discriminative stimulus (SD), may alter the relative frequency or probability of behavior. |
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement requiring a specific number of responses be emitted for reinforcement. |
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| Noncontingent reinforcement |
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Definition
| The reinforcer is presented on a fixed-time (FT) or variable-time (VT) schedule of reinforcement, regardless of the client’s actions at the time. |
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Definition
| The strength (e.g., rate or duration) of behavior prior to any known or designed conditioning. |
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| A reductive procedure composed of a relevant and educative form of contingent exertion. |
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| Requires the individual to restore the environment to a state substantially improved from that which existed prior to the act. |
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| Requires the individual repeatedly to practice a positive alternative behavior. |
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| The simplest theory that fits the facts of a problem is the one that should be evaluated before moving to a more complex explanation |
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| The extent to which a learner continues to perform the target behavior after a portion or all of the intervention has been removed. |
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| A stimulus, such as an object or event, that follows or is presented as a consequence of a response and results in the rate of that response increasing or maintaining. |
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| Statement that contingent access to higher-probability behavior (“preferred activities”) reinforces lower-probability behavior |
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| A stimulus that, when presented immediately following a response, effects a reduction in the rate of the response. |
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| An event occurring contingent on a response that decreases the future probability of the response. |
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| A process in which a behavior is strengthened as a function of an event that occurs as a consequence of, or contingent on, the response. |
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| A specific behavioral consequence, the addition of which functions, to increase or maintain the rate of a behavior. |
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| To repeat or duplicate an experimental procedure, usually to demonstrate its reliability by reproducing the results. |
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| The composite set of behaviors controlled by a particular reinforcing or punishing event. |
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| A reductive procedure in which a specified quantity of available reinforcers are contingently withdrawn following the response, resulting in a decrease in the rate of the response. |
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| The recurrence of previously reinforced behavior when a target, or dominant, behavior is placed on extinction. |
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| Schedule of reinforcement |
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Definition
| The rule followed by the environment that determines which among the many occurrences of a response will be reinforced. |
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| A specific or combination of physical objects or events, (stimuli), which affect the behavior of an individual. |
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| A group of antecedent stimuli that have a common effect on an operant class. |
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| The process that enables an antecedent to gain control over one or more particular behaviors as a function of the individual’s experience of response-consequence correlation in the presence of that antecedent. |
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| A philosophic position asserting that the truth value of a statement is determined by how well it promoted effective action |
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| A procedure in which access to varied sources of reinforcement is removed or reduced for a particular time period contingent on an unwanted response, for the purpose or reducing the rate of the response. |
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| Behavior under the control of as rules and instructions, rather than behavior shaped by reinforcing or aversive consequences. |
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| A statement of the anticipated outcome of a presently unknown or future measurement. |
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| A form of behaviorism that attempts to understand all human behavior, including private events such as thoughts & feelings in terms of controlling variables in the history of the person and species. |
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| The objective observation of the phenomena of interest. |
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Definition
| A schedule of reinforcement requiring a varying number of responses for reinforcement. |
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| An attitude that the truthfulness and validity of all scientific theory should be continually questioned. |
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