Term
| What pharmacological property is unique about eyedrops? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 major uses for eye drops? |
|
Definition
| dry eyes. allergy/inflammation. glaucoma. infection. |
|
|
Term
| What is noteworthy about the volume of eyedrop topical application? |
|
Definition
| tear volume ~ 0.007. 1 drop = 0.05 |
|
|
Term
| What does topical application of eyedrops stimulate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does nasolacrimal occlusion affect eyedrop absorption? |
|
Definition
| decreases systemic absorption; increases drug absorption (in eye) |
|
|
Term
| After 12 mo of topical timolol tx, 14.4% of pts required drugs for what side effect? Of these pts, what percent had no hx of this prior to timolol? What was the adjusted hazard ration after 12 mo tx? How did the risk change after 12 mos? |
|
Definition
| airway obstruction. 9.9%. 2.29 for pts w/no hx of airway obstruction. risk did not increase further after 12 mos. |
|
|
Term
| What type of drug might be used in the eye to improve the drug's effect? |
|
Definition
| prodrugs- conversion of inactive drugs to active form |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 effects of prodrugs when used in eye medications? |
|
Definition
| enhance corneal absorption. prolong duration of action. minimize systemic effects. reduce ocular adverse effects. |
|
|
Term
| How might peptide prodrugs enhance corneal absorption in eye? |
|
Definition
| peptide drugs- protect against proteoytic degredation |
|
|
Term
| How might prodrugs prolong duration of action in eye? |
|
Definition
| increase lipophilicity to form drug depot; increases doa for timolol 2-4x |
|
|
Term
| How might the following drug for the eye minimize systemic effects: diplefrin? |
|
Definition
| prodrug: diplefrin- diplavalyl ester of epinephrine (reduce dose 10x) |
|
|
Term
| How might diplvefrin for the eye reduce ocular adverse effects? |
|
Definition
| prodrug: diplvefrin- decrease hyperemia, foreign body sensation, follicular conjunctivitis. prostaglandins. |
|
|
Term
| What are 6 additional factors that affect absorption? |
|
Definition
| volume, surface tension, osmolality, pH, viscosity, suspensions |
|
|
Term
| How might surfactants affect absorption in eye medications? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How might hyper vs. hypotonic factors affect absorption of eye medications? |
|
Definition
| osmolality: increased in dts, hyperthyroidism, long term contact lens wear. |
|
|
Term
| How might little buffering capacity with co2 vs. bicarb affect absorption of eye medications? |
|
Definition
| high pH- dts, ocular rosacea, lacrimal stenosis, cataract extraction, newborns. low pH in contact lens wearers |
|
|
Term
| What type of ocular dysfunction may require drugs for ocular surface health, comfort, and visual acuity? |
|
Definition
| drugs for dry eye (dysfuntional tear syndrome) |
|
|
Term
| What layer minimizes evaporation (of tears in eye)? |
|
Definition
| lipid layer from meibomian gland |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex aq mixture of proteins and electrolytes secreted by lacrimal glands |
|
|
Term
| How wide is the range of osmolarity and pH (in tears)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do tears include antimicrobials or growth factors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stabilizes and helps spread tear film? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conjunctival goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| What drugs induce ocular toxicity by affecting tear secretion? |
|
Definition
| anticholinergics, antihistamines, beta-blockers, isotretinoin, oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| Besides drug induced ocular toxicity, what are 4 other causes of dry eyes? |
|
Definition
| menopause. lasik. contact lens. environmental pollution. |
|
|
Term
| What might be a problem with tx dry eyes by minimizing adverse environmental conditions, medications, and visual strain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might be a problem with tx dry eyes w/artificial tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might topical cyclosporine be chosen to tx dry eyes? |
|
Definition
| increases natural tear production, good safety profile |
|
|
Term
| What might some problems be with choosing topical steroids to tx dry eyes? |
|
Definition
| topical corticosteroids useful only for short periods b/c of side effects |
|
|
Term
| What might be a problem with treating dry eyes w/secretagogues and nutritional supplements? |
|
Definition
| clinical benefit yet to be demonstrated |
|
|
Term
| What might be a problem with tx dry eyes w/punctal occlusion to conserve tears? |
|
Definition
| can cause decrease in tear production |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 ways dry eyes are tx? |
|
Definition
| A. modify environment, habits. B. artificial tears. C topical cyclosporine. D. topical steroids. E. secretagogues. f. nutritional supplements/vitamins. g. punctal occlusion. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between artificial and natural tears? |
|
Definition
| artificial tears contain electrolytes but they lack the complex mixture of proteins, mucins, and other factors found in normal healthy tears. |
|
|
Term
| What might be a problem w/taking otc fatty acid supplements for dry eyes? |
|
Definition
| not regulated by fda; composition might be suspect |
|
|
Term
| What effect did linoleic plus gamma-linoleic acids in tablets on pts' sx, tear production, and break-up time? |
|
Definition
| improved sx, lissamine green staining. no effect on tear production or break-up time. |
|
|
Term
| What might be a problem with possible adjunctive therapy for dry eyes? |
|
Definition
| does not address primary tear film disfunction. |
|
|
Term
| What are 7 classes of medications for tx of allergic conjunctivitis? |
|
Definition
| decongestant, decongestant/antihistamine, antihistamine, mast cell stabilizer, dual-acting antihistamine/mast cell stabilizer, corticosteroid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
|
|
Term
| To what class would the following tx for allergic conjunctivitis belong: visine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what class would the following tx for allergic conjunctivitis belong: naphcon-A, vasocon-A, visine-A? |
|
Definition
| decongestant/antihistamine |
|
|
Term
| To what class would the following tx for allergic conjunctivitis belong: emadine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what class would the following tx for allergic conjunctivitis belong: alamast, alocril, alomide, crolom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what class would the following tx for allergic conjunctivitis belong: alrex/lotemax? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To what class would the following tx for allergic conjunctivitis belong: acular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary, secondary, and tertiary tx for glaucoma? |
|
Definition
| primary: prostaglandins. secondary: beta-blockers. tertiary: prodrugs (adrenergic agents). |
|
|
Term
| How do therapeutic drugs for glaucoma aim to adjust flow of aq humor? |
|
Definition
| increase outflow of aq humor; decrease formation of aq humor |
|
|
Term
| Optic neuropathy and IOP both have a role in what illness? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pH of the following: dts, ocular rosacea, lacrimal stenosis, cataract extraction, newborns. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe the pH of contact lens wearers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is changed in the following conditions: dts, hyperthyroidism, long term contact lens wear |
|
Definition
|
|
