Term
| The Boundaries of the North Atlantic Ocean are clearly defined by international treaty. |
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Definition
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Term
| Out Gassing is presonsible for nearly all oxygen in Earth's atmosphere |
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Definition
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Term
| The Crab Nebula is the remains of a star whose supernova stage was witnessed, and the position marked, by Chinese astronomers in A.D. 1054 |
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Definition
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Term
| The "oxygen Revolution" began approximately 4.5 Billion Years Ago as bacteria began photosynthesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Convecting mantle material is the promary means of re-distributing heat within planet Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The outer core behaves as a plastic/elastic material becasue approximately 2% of it is melted |
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Definition
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Term
| Relative age dating is the process of determining the specific age of rocks ( e.g- this rock is 1.4 million years old) |
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Definition
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Term
| The Earth's cruse floats on the asthenosphere because the crust is denser |
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Definition
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Term
| Oceanic Plates that are the oldest will be colder and more dense. Therefore, they are the most likely to resist subduction |
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Definition
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Term
| There are approximately 120 Hot Spots around Planet Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| The "P-wave Shadow Zone, " as observed and described by Oldham, is one piece of evidence supporting the existence of the outer core |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth's early atmosphere ( 4.5 Billion Years Ago) was able to support life as it exists today |
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Definition
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Term
| Earthquake foci depth that increase with distance away from a deep- ocean treanch, such as under Japan, delineated (marked or located) arease of subducting plate motion |
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Definition
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Term
| The Velocity of a seismic wave, in general, decreases with depth |
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Definition
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Term
| " S- waves" Travel readily though any solid, liquid or gas |
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Definition
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Term
| Island Arc Systems form on the over-riding plate while Ocean Trenches form parallel to the lsland arc system on the subducting plate |
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Definition
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Term
| The molten magma from the asthenosphere that fills the gap created at a spreading ridge is composed of basalt-like material which makes new ocean sea-floor |
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Definition
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Term
| Lithospheric plates become older away from spreading ridges |
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Definition
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Term
| All the material in a subduction zone penetrates to the core/mantle boundary |
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Definition
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Term
| Technology developed during World War II proved to have limited applicability to Bathymetric Mapping |
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Definition
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Term
| A magenotometer is used to measure the amount and direction of residual magnetism in a rock sample |
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Definition
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Term
| Island arc systems always form in association with Transform Plate Boundaries |
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Definition
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Term
| Paleomagnetic patterns in the Pacific off the coast of canada and Alaska provided one piece of evidence that the theory of "Sea Floor Spreading" may be operating there |
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Definition
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Term
| Guyots are flat-topped seamounts formed by wave action |
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Definition
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Term
| The collision of the India Plate with the Continental Asian Plate has formed the Himalayan Mountians |
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Definition
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Term
| The chain of seamounts located northwest of Hawaii shows that the Pacific plate has steadily been moving to the south east for millions of years |
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Definition
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Term
| It would be best to use a chart with a "Ginomonic Projection" when doing exploration at the North 60 degree parallel (Canada) |
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Definition
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Term
| Lines of latitude are parallel, so they are always the same distance apart around the globe |
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Definition
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Term
| Longitude can be easily calculated by the "star" method |
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Definition
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Term
| Iceland is one of a few places where oceanic crust is found above sea level becuase of the superposition of a mantle plume (hot spot) and a convergent plate boundary |
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Definition
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Term
| John Harrison did little to help solve the problem of finding latitude |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrothermal vents may be possible areas for chemosynthesis, and thereby, be areas where life may have originated |
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Definition
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Term
| Radioactive decay is the major source of heat in the Earth |
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Definition
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Term
| Earth's Moon was formed as a meteorite and was captured into orbit by Earth's gravity |
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Definition
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Term
| The Big Bang, thought to be the beginnings of our Universe, occurred sometime around 4.5 Billion Years ago when earth was formed |
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Definition
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Term
| Marine science ( Oceanography) is the study of the geological aspects of the planet's oceans, rivers, lakes, groundwater and glaciers |
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Definition
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Term
| The Hawaiian Island Chain formed as basaltic lava oozed up along a large transform fault located in the middle of the Pacific Plate |
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Definition
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Term
| The United States is a world leader in creating sustainable fisheries |
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Definition
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Term
| More than 95% of all U.S. foreign trade passes though a U.S. port or harbor |
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Definition
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Term
| California is cut by the huge San Andreas Transform Fault. This means that California will eventually be cut of from the United States and "Fall into the sea" |
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Definition
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Term
| The Star Polaris is used world wide to determine latitude |
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Definition
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Term
| It is thought that mars previously had active plate tectonics, but that the planet has cooled down to the point where there is no longer sufficient heat to drive the process, and plate tectonics has become inactive |
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Definition
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Term
| The average land elevation is 4 1/2 times greater than the average ocean depth |
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Definition
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Term
| The Library of Alexandria, which was established in the third century BCE (before common era), was the locus for the study of marine science in the western hemisphere |
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Definition
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Term
| The "Scientific method" could be described as all of the following EXCEPT: |
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Definition
| Something only scientists can use |
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Term
| The "Theory of "Continental Drift" and the "Theory of Seafloor Spreading" are: |
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Definition
D. Both B and C B. Similar but different theories C. Supported by many of the same observation |
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Term
| The present- day atmosphere is composed mostly of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Red- Giants burn out to form: |
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Definition
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Term
| Outgassing is responsible for; |
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Definition
| B. The Atmosphere and Ocean |
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Term
| The inner core of the Earth is compose of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Stars primarily burn what element? |
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Definition
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Term
| Life most likely originated in: |
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Definition
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Term
| Isostacy is the reason that: |
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Definition
D, A,B,C A. Mountains have roots B. Icebergs Float C. Heavy metal ships can float |
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Term
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Definition
| B. Are the first to arrive at a seismic station |
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Term
| The " Theory of Sea Floor Spreading" states that: |
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Definition
| C. New Crust cools, shrinks, and becomes denser as it moves away from the Mid-Ocean Ridge |
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Term
| The "S-wave Shadow Zone" proves that: |
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Definition
| A. the outer core must be liquid |
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Term
| James Hutton (the father of geology) developed the theory of: |
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Definition
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Term
| The "Theory of Continental Drift" includes evidence of: |
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Definition
| A. apparent shoreline fit of the continents |
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Term
| The "Ring of Fire" defines a world-wide pattern around the Pacific Ocean that explains the location of: |
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Definition
D. Both A & C A. Earthquakes
C. Volcanoes
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Term
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Definition
| Travel as transverse (shear) waves |
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Term
|
Definition
| B. Divergent Plate Boundary |
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Term
| The "Active Portion" of a transform fault is located' |
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Definition
| D. Between the offset ridge creats of a divergent plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
E. Both A & C A. Thinner( if there at all) over Mid-Ocean Ridges C. Older and thicker at the edges of the ocean basin near the continents |
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Term
| The presence of strips of high and low intensity magnetization in the sea floor is caused by: |
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Definition
Both A & C A. Polar reversals during creation of new oceanic crust at spreading centers C. Divergent plate motion |
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Term
| How many years will it take to bathymetrically map the world's ocean using the latest multi-spread echo sounding equipment towed by a research vessel traveling at 12 knots |
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Definition
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Term
| The Miller- Urey Experiment was the first to determine: |
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Definition
D. Both B & C B. the amino acids could be produced from the early atmosphere C. the water was a necessary ingredient for the formation of life |
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Term
| Which of the following is an example of Uniformitarianism |
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Definition
| B. Sediment being carried downstream by a river |
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Term
| The Core of the Earth is due to: |
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Definition
| C. Density Stratification |
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Term
The deepest point in the world ocean, as presently mapped, is in the...
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| continental, Divergent Plate Boundary |
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Definition
| B. East- African Rift Zone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Ocean/ Continent Plate Convergence |
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Definition
| C. Cascade Mountian Range |
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Term
| Continent/ Continent Plate Convergence |
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Definition
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Term
| Ocean/ Ocean Plate Convergence |
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Definition
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Term
Planets Pluto Neptune Uranus Saturn Jupiter Asteroid Belt Mars Earth Venus Mercury |
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Definition
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Term
| Most oil pollution of the world ocean is cause by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The best way to clean-up an oil soaked beach is: |
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Definition
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Term
| The "Dead Zone", an area of anoxic conditions on the continental shelf off southern Louisiana, is the result of: |
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Definition
| B. Eutrophication cause by extra nutrients from wastewater treatment plants, factory effluent, soil erosion, and farmland fertilizer runoff |
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Term
| The main source of pollutants to the ocean is from--- |
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Definition
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Term
| An example of an invasive species that clogs the outflow pipes of industry that empty into Lake Michigan is the-- |
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Definition
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Term
| Biological Amplification can turn seemingly minor pollution issues into very large, major polluation problems |
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Definition
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Term
| Low Quantity , High Toxicity, and High Persistence are the characteristics of pollution due to Heavy Metals |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Two hydrogen atoms are bonded to one oxygen atom in a molecule of water by strong covalent bonds |
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Definition
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|
Term
The temperature of maximum density and the freezing temperature of water are the same (-1.33 degrees C or 29.61 degrees F) when salinity reaches 24.7% |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Hydrogen bonds between the polar water molecules give water the property of cohesion which results in unusually high surface tension |
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Definition
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Term
| Energy, produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules, causes heating and expansion of the material |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Heat Capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of material by 1 degree Celisus and is the same for all materials |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Pure water is most denst at 3.98 degree Celisus |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The latent heat of vaporization is much greater than the latent heat of melting for water |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| It takes the input of 80 calories of heat (energy) to change 1 gram of ice into liquid water |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The tendency of a substance to resist change in temperature with the gain or loss of heat energy is called latent heat |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Water's high heat capacity makes it an ideal fluid to equalize the polar-tropic heat imbalance |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The deep zone is also known as the pycnocline |
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Definition
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|
Term
| There is a sharp increase in temperature through the thermocline from the sufrace layer to the deep layer |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| typical temperature profiles from polar, tropical, and mid-latitude regions indicate that the thermocline is primarily a low latitude phenomenon |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The speed of sound through water increases with decreases in temperature and pressure |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The bending of light waves as they travel from the atmosphere into the ocean is called reflection |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Light is rapidly scattered and absorbed as it penetrates seawater making evertying appear dimmer than normal |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Long Wavelength light rays of the visible spectrum (near the IR range) are 71% absorbed in seawater at just 1 meter ( 3.3 feet) deep, so the color red quickly "fades out" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The ocean is a highly acoustic environment and animals that live there have had to dull their acoustic senses to survive the constant sound impulses |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The SOFAR layer is a zone where sound travels at a very high rate of speed but can be heard for only short distances |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Nitrogen makes up 48% of the atmosphere but accounts for 78% of the dissolved gasses in ocean water |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Because of photosynthesis, concentration of oxygen is low in the sufrace layer whereas concentration of CO2 is much higher |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The composition of the salts in the ocean is identical to those contained in water entering from rivers; therefore, we know that the continents are the source for all the oceanic salts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Georg Forchhammer first noted that the ratio between various types of salts in the oceans remained constant despite veriations of salinity, and this became known as " The Principle of Constant Proportions" |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ocean water tends to be slightly more basic (higher PH) in the deep ocean |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The concentration of carbon dioxide increases below the photic zone due to a decrease in photosynthesis |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Materials with a PH measurement of 7 are considered to be strongly alkaline (base) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The latent heat of melting for water is much greater than the latent heat of vaporization, therefore, ice (as icebergs) transfers much more heat (per unit of mass) than liquid water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The latent heat of melting for water is much greater than the latent heat of vaporization, therefore, ice (as icebergs) transfers much more heat (per unit of mass) than liquid water |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Because of the "Principle of Constant Proportions," scientists can easily measure the salinity of seawater by measuring chlorinity and multiplying that value bye 1.80655 |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Gas Hydrates are the largest carbon sink on Earth and represent the possible future for energy supplies from the ocean |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ascending air cools at it expands |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Moist, humid air is less dense than dry air |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The abrupt buldge of water driven ashore by a tropical cyclone or frontal storm is called a "storm surge." |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The "Coriolis Effect" will deflect a cannon ball shot from the equator toward the North Pole toward the right (clockwise) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The Ferrel atmospheric circulation cells are located between the Hadley Cells and the Polar Cells |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The meteorological equator (ITCZ) coincides with the geographical equator |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Monsoons occur as winds change directions due to the seasonal shift of the ITCZ and change of "Coriolis Effect" from northern to southern hemisphere |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Low atmospheric pressure at the center of a hurricane produces a dome of seawater that can reach a height of 1 meter (3.3 feet) in the open sea |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Due to the coriolis effect, hurricanes (cyclones) rotate clockwise in the northern hemisphere |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Blue Whales are commercially extinct |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Addition of salt to pure water lowers its "point of maximum density" and its "freezing point" |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Biology plays a big role in regulating the amounts of dissolved gasses found at various depth in the ocean |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Areas where the winds are primarily vertical (rising or falling) are areas where the horizontal winds tend to be calm (the doldrums and horse latitudes) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The release of latent heat during the phase change from water vapor to liquid water provides the energy to drive hurricanes |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Whalers from Norway and Japan have stopped taking whales since the International Whaling Commission an organization of whaling countries established to manage whale stocks, placed a moratorium on the slaughter of large whales |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The "White Cliffs of Dover" must have formed deep in the ocean below the "Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth" (CCD) |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Guyots are flat-topped seamounts modified by wave action |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Approximately 20% of all the oil and gas found on Earth is located under the seas |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Ocean basins are bethtub shaped, The continents drop off steeply just beyond the surf zone then deepen to their deepest point somewhere in the middle of the basin |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Submarine canyons are a direct result of offshore seismic activity and tectonic movement |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Abyssal plains are flat featureless expanses of sediment-covered ocean floor found in nearly all the world's oceans |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Marine sediments on the ocean floor are as old as four billion years, the same age as the ocean itself |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Terrigenous sediments are the most abundant. The largest terrigenous deposits are found near continental margins |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Other than petroleum and natural gas, sand and gravel are the most valuable sedimentary resource acquired from the ocean |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Overfishing occurs when so many fish have been harvested that there no longer exists enough breeding stock left to replenish the species. MOst marine species are overfished |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tomatoes with a pH of about 4 have about --- times as much H+ as seawater with a pH of about 8 |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| B. No change in temperature |
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Term
|
Definition
| A. It is less dense than water |
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Term
| When the temperature of pure water is decreased (gets colder); |
|
Definition
| D. the density of water increases to a maximum of 1g/cm3 at 3.98 degrees C |
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Term
| The zone of salinity change between the mixed zone and the deep zone is termed the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| San Francisco and NOrfolk are at the same latitude but san francisco has wamer winters and cooler summers becuase: |
|
Definition
E. all above A. Winds blow west to east B. Winds blow over the pacific ocean before reaching San Francisco but blow over land before reaching Norfold C. The Pacific Ocean doesn't warm as much as the land during summer D. The Pacific ocean doesn't cool as much as the land during winter |
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Term
| It would take a rise of ---feet of sea level to down all the major cities of the U.S. east coast |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
E. Both A & C A. thinner (if there at all) over Mid- Ocean Ridges C. Older and thicker at the edges of the ocean basin near the continents |
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|
Term
| Sediment is classified in the "wentworth Scale" by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sodium- Chloride (salt) dissolves easily in water becasue the atoms are bonded together by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The water molecule is unique becasue : |
|
Definition
| B. it is an asymmetric polar molecule |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many years will it take to bathymetrically map the world's ocean using the latest multi-spread echo sounding equipment towed by a research vessel traveling at 12 knots |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Of the following ocean basin features, the one with the greatest average angle of inclination (the speepest) is--- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Profiling and mapping the ocean bottom depends on an array of depth measurments. The most frequent technique for measuring ocean depth employs what medium? |
|
Definition
| C. sonic waves transmitted by a transducer |
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Term
| What does the deep ocean floor cosist mainly of? |
|
Definition
| B. oceanic ridge systems and the adjacent sediment-covered plains |
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Term
| The -- makrs the abrupt transition from contiental shelf to contiental slope |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Most geologists believe that submarine cayons have been formed by--- |
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Definition
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|
Term
| A dilute mixture of sediment and water that periodically rushes down the contiental slope is a |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Calcareous ooze is formed from shells of --- |
|
Definition
E. Both A and C A. Foraminifera C. Coccolithopres |
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Term
| SHells of single-celled algae called diatoms form--- |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Each of the following are considered an inorganic physical resource except for--- |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| The marine acronym OTEC stands for--- |
|
Definition
| B. Ocean Therminal Energy Conversion |
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|
Term
| ---is the term for unintended organisms killed while fishing for desirable ones (catching dolphins in tuna nets, or albatrosses in long lines, for example). |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| The country that is the number one harvester of marine life in 2004 was --- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the maximum abount of each type of fish, crustacean, and molluse that can be caught without impairing future populations |
|
Definition
| B. Maximum sustainable yield |
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|
Term
| The neutral element zinc (ZN) with an atomic number of 30 and an atomic mass of 65 generally has about ---neutrons in its nucleus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Carbonate ion (CO3) is held together by ---bonds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Near the Amazon River delta the salinity of the Atlantic Ocean is --- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The major components of seawater are all--- |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The salts in seawater come from ---, volcanic gases and from hydrothermal vents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The salts in sewater come from ---, volcanic gases and from hydrothermal vents |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| D. Transition between shelf and deep basin |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| E. Apron of accumulated Sediment |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| B. Originates on contients and islands |
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Term
|
Definition
| A. Siliceous and Calcareous Oozes |
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Term
|
Definition
| C. Minderals precipitated directly from seawater |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| D. Extraterrastrial Origin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latent Heat of Vaporization for water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Latent Heat of FUsion for water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Heat Capacity of Water |
|
Definition
| C. 1 calorie/ gram/degree Celsius |
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|
Term
| Hadley Cells 0- 30 degrees latitude |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ferrel Cells ( 30-60 degrees latitude) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Convergence of Polar and Ferrel Cells (60 degrees latitude) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Convergence of Hadley and Ferrel Cells ( 30 degrees latitude) |
|
Definition
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|
