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| the ocean between about 4,000 & 5,000 meters (13,000- 16,500 feet) deep |
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| one of a class of pigments (such as fucoxanthin, phycobilin & xanthophyll) that are present in various photosynthetic plants and assist in the absorption of light and the transfer of its energy of chlorophyll; also called masking pigment |
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| collective term for nonvascular plants possessing chlorophyll and capable of phytosynthesis |
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a flowering vascular plant that reproduces be means of a seedbearing fruit
Examples: sea grasses and mangroves |
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| dark ocean below the depth to which light can penetrate |
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| an organism that makes its own food by photo/chemosynthesis |
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| the interleaved, hard, fibrous, hornlike filters within the mouth of baleen whales |
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| ocean between~ 200 & 4,000 meters deep |
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| camouflage; may be active (under control of the animal) & passive (an unalterable color or shape) |
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| (DSL) a relativelty dense aggregation of fishes, squid & other mesopelagic organisms capable of reflecting a sonar pulse that resembles a false bottom in the ocean. it's position varies with the time of day |
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| earth's most abundant, successful $ efficient single-celled phytoplankton. Diatoms possess 2 interlocking valves made primarily of silica. the valves contribute to biogenous sediments |
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| one of a class of microscopic single-celled flagelletes, not all of which are autotrophic. The outer covering is often stiff cellulose. Planktonic dinoflagelletes are responsible for "red tides". |
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| the use of reflected sound to detect environmental objects. Cetaceans use echolocation to detect prey and avoid obstacles |
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| an organism incapable of generating and maintaining steady internal temperature from metabolic heat & therefore whose internal body temperature is approx. the same as that of the surrounding environment; a cold-blooded organism |
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| upper layer of photic zone in which net photosynthetic gain occurs |
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body structure having left and right sides that are approximately mirror images of each other
ex- crabs, humans |
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| able to be broken down by natural processes into simpler compounds |
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| natural processes that recycle nutrients into various chemical forms from the non living environment to living organisms then back to the non living environment |
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| increase in the concentration of certain fat-soluble chemicals such as DDT or heavy-metal compounds in successively higher trophic levels within a food web |
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| biologically produced light |
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| the mass of living material in a given area or volume of habitat |
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| algal equivalent of a vascular plants leaf; also a frond |
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| a tough, elastic tissue that stiffens or supports |
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| the synthesis or organic compounds from inorganic compounds using energy stored in inorganic substances such as sulfur, ammonia, & hydrogen. Energy is released when these substances are oxidized by certain organisms |
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| a complex, nitrogen-rich carbohydrate from which parts of arthropod exoskeletons are constructed |
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| a set of physical, chemical & biological changes brought about when excessive nutrients are released into water |
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a lightweight, strong, form-fitted external covering & support common to animals of phylum Arthropoda.
-made partially of chintin, possibly strengthened by calcium carbonate |
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| a group of organisms associated by a complex set of feeding relationships in which the flow of food energy can be followed from primary producers through consumers. |
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| one of a group of planktonic amoeba-like animals with a calcareous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments |
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| zone of open water near shore over the continental shelf |
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| description of an organism's functional role in a habitat, its "job" |
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| any needed substance that an organism obtains from its environment except oxygen, CO2 and water |
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| zone of open water away from shore; past continental shelf |
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| a symbiotic relationship in which 2 species spends part or all of its life cycle on or within another, using the host species (or food within the host) as a source of nutrients, most common form of symbiosis |
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| trapping of heat in the atmosphere. Incoming short wavelength solar radiation penetrates the atmosphere, but the outgoing longer wavelength radiation is absorbed by greenhouse gases & rerediated to Earth, causing a rise in surface temperature |
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| gases in Earth's atmosphere that cause the greenhouse effect; includes carbon dioxide, methane & CFC's |
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deepest zone of the ocean below (5,000 m) deep
-trenches |
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| an organism that derives nourishment from other organisms because it is unable to synthesize its own food molecules |
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| a complex branching structure that anchors many kinds of multicellular algae to the substrate |
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permanent member of the plankton community
examples- diatoms, copepods |
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marine zone between highest hightide point on shoreline & lowest lowtide point
-sometimes subdivided into 4 separate habitats by height above tidal datum |
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| a species removed from its home range & established foreign location |
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| informal name for any species of large phaeophyte |
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Euphausia superba
a thumb sized crustacean common in Antartic waters |
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| a system of sensors & nerves in the head & midbody of fishes & some amphibians that functions to detect low-frequency vibrations in water |
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| a physical or biological environmental factor whose absence or presence in an inappropriate amount limits the normal actions of an organism |
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| littoral zone (Intertidal zone) |
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| band of coast alternately covered & uncovered by tidal action |
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| a large flowering shrub or tree that grows in dense thickets or forests along muddy or silty tropical coasts |
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| the thin film of lighted water at the top of the world ocean; rarely extends deeper than 200 m |
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process by which autotrophs bind light energy into the chemical bonds of food with the aid of chlorophyll and other substances
uses CO2 & water> glucose & oxygen |
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| one of the major groups of animal kingdom whose members share a similar body plan level of complexity & evolutionary history |
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| plant like, usually single celled members of plankton community |
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| extremely small members of plankton community, typically 0.2 to 2 micrometers across |
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| Drifting or weakly swimming organisms suspended in water. Their horizontal position is to a large extent dependent on the mass flow of rather than on their own swimming efforts |
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| polychlorinated biphenyls |
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chlorinated hydrocarbons once widely used to cool & insulate electrical devices & to strengthen wood or concrete
-may be responsible for the changes in & declining fertility of some marine mammals |
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one of 2 body forms of Cnidaria
-cup shaped & possess rings of tentacles
-coral animals are polyps |
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-initial consumer of primary producers
-consumers of autotrophs
-2nd level in food web |
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| organism capable of using energy from light or energy0rich chemicals in the environment to produce energy-rich organic compounds; an autotroph |
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body structure in which the body parts radiate from a central axis like spokes from a wheel
example- seastar |
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| tendency of small fish of a single species, size & age to mass in groups. The school moves as a unit, which confuses predators & reduces the effort spent searching for mates |
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any of the several marine angiosperms
examples- 2 ostera (eel grass)
phyllospadix (surfgrass) |
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| waste water with a significant organic content usually from domestic or industrial sources |
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| multicellular algal equivalent of a vascular plant's stem |
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| sublittoral zone (subtidal zone) |
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| Ccean floor near shore. The inner sublittoral extends from intertidal zone to depth at which wind waves have no influence; the outer sublittoral extends to edge of continental shelf |
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| animal that feeds by straining or otherwise collecting plankton & tiny food particles from the surrounding water |
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the co-occurance of 2 species in which the life of one is closely interwoven with the life of the other;
mutualism
commensalism
parasitism |
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| an organism at the apex of a trophic pyramid, usually a carnivore |
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| o model of feeding relationships among organisms. Primary producers form the base of the pyramid; consumers eating one another form high levels, with topic consumer at the apex |
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algae with bodies consisting of a single cell
examples- diatoms
dinoflagellates |
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| a chordate with a segmented backbone |
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| animal members of plankton community |
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| unicellular dinoflagellates that are symbiotic with coral & that produce the relatively high pH & some of the enzymes essential for rapid CaCO3 deposition in coral reefs |
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| the introduction by humans of substances or energy into the ocean that changes the quality of the water or affects the physical and biological environment |
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| free swimming body form of many members of the phylumcnidaria |
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| the planktonic phase of the life cycle of organisms that spend only part of their lives drifting in the plankton |
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| segmentation; repeating body parts |
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algae with bodies consisting of more than 1 cell
examples- kelp & ulva
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| a symbiotic relationship between 2 species that is beneficial to both |
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| the most abundant & dangerous class of halogenated hydrocarbons, syntheric organic chemicals hazardous to the marine environment |
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| (CFC's) a class of halogenated hydrocarbons thought to be depleting Earth's atmospheric ozone. CfC's are used as cleaning agents, refridgerants, fire-extinguishing fluids, spray- can propellants & insulating foams |
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| a pigment responsible for trapping sunlight & transferring its energy, thus initiating phytosynthesis |
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| type if cell found in members of phylum cnidaria that contains a stinging capsule the threads that evert from the capsules assist in capturing prey & repelling aggressors |
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| a very small planktonic alga carrying discs of CaCO3, which contribute to biogenous sediments |
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| a symbiotic relationship between 2 species in which only 1 species benefits & neither is harmed |
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| depth in water column at which production of carbohydrates & oxygen by photosynthesis exactly equals the consumption of carbohydrates & oxygen by respiration. The breakeven point for autotrophs |
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| a small planktonic arthropod; a major marine primary consumer |
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| a camouflage pattern featuring a dark upper surface & lighter bottom surface |
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