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| the theory that the outermost portion of earth is composed of a patchwork of thin, rigid plates that move horizontally with respect one another |
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first scientist to advance the idea of mobile continents in 1912.
Coined 'continental drift' |
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| slab pull and slab suction |
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| the pull generated by subduction that pulls the rest of the slab with it |
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| as the subducting plate drags against the mantle and causes the mantle to flow towards the subduction zone, thus pulling in nearby plates. |
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| a common feature along the MOR.. the plates are continuously being pulled apart, instead of being pushed apart by the upwelling magma. |
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| the gently sloping and fast-spreadin parts of the MOR |
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| steep sloping and slow spreading areas of the MOR |
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A chain of extinct volcanoes as you move away from a hotspot.
Ex: the Hawaiian Islands |
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| evidence of continental drift |
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matching sequences of rock and mountain chains.
similar rok types, ages, and structures on different continents. |
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study of earth'smagnetic field.
showed polar wandering |
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WWII submarine captain and geologist.
Depth recordings that showed sea floor features.
Wrote "History of Ocean Basins" that showed seafloor spreading and mantle convection cells as driving mechanism. |
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| where trenches form. crust is destroyed. |
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| Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews |
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1963
Analysis of igneous rock stripes around mid ocean ridges that record Earth's magnetic polarity. |
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oldest is 180 million y.o.
discovered in late 1960s |
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| Plates in lithosphere float on ductile asthenosphere |
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Oceaninc rise
Oceanic ridge
Ultra-slow |
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fast spreading
gentle slopes
found in east pacific |
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slow spreading
steep slopes
found in mid-atlantic |
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deep rift valley
widley scattered volcanoes
arctic and southwest india |
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gaseous volcanic eruptions from mantle.
mantle rock is thown out
rock is called "periodotite" and is ultra mafic(very high in iron and magnesium)
can also contain diamonds. |
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| primary waves. Waves of compression, they travel by expanding and compressing parallel to the direction of movement. can travel through both liquids and solids. |
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| shear waves and travel perpendicular to the direction of movement of wave. |
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1700's.
A scottish physician interested in geology.
Disagreed with creationism, said earth's creation was slow, not sudden.
Formulated the "Principle of Uniformitarianism" which states that we can learn about the past by studying the present. |
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| Pulled continental drift and sea floor spreading into comprehensive plate tectonics theory. |
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| waves, tides currents heat transfer, tsunamis |
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| sea floor topography including volcanoes, geothermal vents, earthquakes, canyons, mountains. |
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| sailed on the "Kon Tiki", a balsa raft, to demonstrate migration of South Americans to the Pacific Islands |
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W. Hemisphere navigators circa 2000 BC.
Explored Mediterranean, Red, and Indain Ocean.
Circumnavigated Africa
Reached British Islands |
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| made inaccurate world map around 450BC |
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Produced accurate map 150 AD.
Wrongly estimated the circumference of the Earth which caused Columbus to believe he had reached Asia. |
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| low density, silicate minerals |
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| mainly iron and magnesium silicate minerals |
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| high density iron and nickel |
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| Stanley Miller's Experiment |
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| Organic molecules formed by ultraviolet light, electrical sparks, and a mixture of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, metane, and ammonia. |
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| first notable woman who was a philosopher, mathematician, and scientist. was brutally murdered by Early Christians. |
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Naval officer that was crippled and made a database of wind and temperature data that became essential to shortening sailing times.
Known as "Father of Physical OceanographY" |
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AKA terrigenous.
Produced by weathering |
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Boulder
Cobble
Pebble
Granule
Sand
Silt
Clay |
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Shallow water deposits
close to land
mostly lithogenous
typically deposited quickly |
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deeper water
finer grained
deposited slowly |
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