Term
| Percentage of Earth covered by water |
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Definition
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Term
| Average Depth of the ocean |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the ocean regulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What as the first demonstration of ability and knowledge to navigate transoceanic voyages? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where were the principles of celestial navigation invented? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who was the second librarian at Alexandria? |
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Definition
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Term
| Repository of maritime records |
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Definition
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Term
| Who were the first people that knew Earth was a sphere? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Economically important Silk Road and Spice trade routes became blocked by Ottoman Empire. |
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Term
| Where is 0 degrees longitude? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to what theory, how long ago did the universe begin expanding? |
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Definition
| The Big Bang Theory, 14 billion years ago. |
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Term
| Our solar system condensed about how long ago? |
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Definition
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Term
| From what did our solar system condense? |
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Definition
| A thin cloud enriched by heavy elements made in exploding stars. |
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Term
| Earth is _______ stratified from __________ |
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Definition
| density; Heavy materials from the core, and lighter materials from the outer layers. |
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Term
| What are the least dense? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did the first solid surface form on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the ocean formed from? |
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Definition
| Clouds of steam and water vapor when Earth's surface began to cool. |
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Term
| When is it believed that life formed in the ocean? |
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Definition
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Term
| When and what was the most dramatic change in the Earth atmosphere? |
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Definition
| 2 billion years ago when photosynthetic organisms began producing large quantities of oxygen. |
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Term
| Is there evidence of oceans on other planets? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can we use to examine the interior of the Earth? |
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Definition
| Analysis of seismic was propagating inside the Earth; Analysis of the orbit of satellite orbiting the Earth; Analysis of gravitational pull at various locations. |
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Term
| Name the interior of the earth and their state of matter |
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Definition
| Inner Core (solid); Outer core (liquid); Mantle (solid and liquid); Crust (solid); Lithosphere; Asthenosphere |
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Term
| What is continental drift based upon? |
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Definition
| The shape of the coast line and fossil records |
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Term
| What does plate tectonics explain? |
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Definition
| Pattern of paleomagnetismin the ocean bottom (symmetric about the mid-ocean ridge); Pattern of sedimentation on ocean bottom (thickness of sediment increases from mid-ocean ridge); Age of continents and oceanic crust (continents are older, and age of ocean floor increases further away from mid-ocean ridge); Ocean depth increases away from mid-ocean ridge (as ocean floor gets older it cools and shrinks); Pattern of earthquakes and volcanic activity (they are found along plate boundaries); Shape of coastlines; Fossil records; hot spots; Atolls and guyots |
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Term
| Seawater coooling hot magma gives rise to |
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Definition
| Hydrothermal activity; black smokers; bent community; precipitation of chemicals |
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Term
| What is the ultimate source of energy behind plate tectonics? |
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Definition
| Heat escaping from the interior of the Earth |
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Term
| What are the methods of exploring the ocean bottom? |
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Definition
| Echo sounder method-method of studying seafloor depth using pulses; Bottom profiler; Drilling; Subermersible; Bathyscaph (the study of ocean contours); Scuba; ROV (remotely controlled vehicle); ABE (Autonomous explorer) |
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Term
| If rate of spreading is larger than subduction _________ |
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Definition
| the ocean basin is expanding |
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Term
| If the ocean basin is sinking _________ |
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Definition
| the rate of spreading is smaller than subduction |
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Term
| What were the Himalaya Mountains formed from? |
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Definition
| India under thrusting Asia. |
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Term
| Give an example of a hot spot |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage of land on Earth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the percentage breakdown of water? |
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Definition
| 97% of water is found on the surface, 3% in glaciers |
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Term
| What is the main source of Earth's ocean and atmosphere? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is ocean sediment important? |
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Definition
| They provide a record of ocean basin history, they provide a record of global climate change, they provide a record of bottom physical proccess |
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Term
| What are the particle sizes? |
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Definition
| Boulder, cobble, pebble, granule, sand, silt, clay |
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Term
| Large particles- Large velocity |
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Definition
| Larger current; high energy environment; towards shore |
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Term
| Small particles- Small velocity |
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Definition
| Small current, low energy environment, deeper ocean |
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Term
| Sediment transfer factors? |
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Definition
| Gravity, wind, waves, turbitity current, oceanic current, glaciers and icebergs |
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Term
| Where are coarser-grained sediments found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the rate of sedimentation higher? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are continental shelves closer to and usually high in in? |
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Definition
| Terrigenous sources and biological productivity. |
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Term
| Why aren't Turbidity current deposits as common in the Pacific Ocean? |
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Definition
| because trenches intercept most of the sediments |
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Term
| Where is most glacial sediments found? |
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Definition
| In a band encircling the Antarctic continent |
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Term
| What is the Sedimentary cycle? |
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Definition
| Two plates collide causing sediment accumulated on the ocean bottom to uplift and form mountains, causing sediment to be continuously recycled. |
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