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| How old is the Earth (approximately)? |
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| What % of the water on or neat the Earth's surface is found in the World Ocean? |
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| There is evidence of liquid water (now or in the distant past)on all of the following EXCEPT |
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| What biologically important gas is abundant in todays atmosphere, but was rare/absent in the Earth's early atmosphere? |
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| According to the fossil record, how long ago did life first appear on Earth? |
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| What % of the Earth's surface is covered by water? |
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| Which ocean is the largest? |
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| Which ocean is the smallest? |
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| Which group of people invented the compass, central rudder, and watertight compartments while exploring the Indian, Indonesian and Atlantic Oceans? |
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| Which European was the first to view the North American coast? |
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| An echo sounder is most commonly used to determine? |
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| Whose expedition was the first to circumnavigate the world? |
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| What new nautical instrument was critical to the success of the voyages of Captain James Cook |
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| The __________ is often referred to as the beginning of MODERN marine science. |
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| in 1912, Alfred Wegner first proposed the theory of |
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| Our understanding of Earth's layered interior comes most directly from the study of |
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| The interior of the Earth is hot due primarily to |
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| Which famous Greek was one of the first scholars to catalog marine organisms? |
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| How long does it tale the Sun to cross 60 degrees of longitude? |
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| Where is the majority of new seafloor created? |
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Definition
| divergent plate boundaries |
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| The Hawaiian Island chain best illustrates a |
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| What is the name of the supercontinent proposed by Wegener? |
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| seaward extensions of the continents that are often exposed during glacial periods |
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| Which continent is part of the Mid-Atlantic ridge? |
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| Considered a passive continental margin |
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| The 4 main categories of marine sediments are classified by |
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| Where are neritic sediments found? |
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| Why doesn't the marine sediment record extend back t the time of the origin of the World Ocean |
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| allows us to collect geologic material from more than 2 km below the seafloor |
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| the primary photosynthetic organisms in siliceous ooze |
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| Manganese nodules are a form of |
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| Hydrogenous marine sediment |
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| Water molecules are attracted to one another via |
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| substance that has the highest heat capacity |
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| The energy produced by random vibrations of atoms of molecules best describes |
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| the maximum density of pure water occurs at |
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| What is the average depth of the world ocean? |
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| Which has more heat, a lit match, or a swimming pool full of warm water? |
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| The most abundant ion in seawater is |
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| The density of seawater is most affected by which 2 characteristics of water? |
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| Objects at depth (~150 m) appear what color? (because this is the wavelength of light that is least absorbed by water) |
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| Where is the photic zone located? |
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Definition
| the top of the surface zone |
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| if new york city is under an area of high atmospheric pressure, and we (here in Southampton) are under an area of love atmospheric pressure, then surface winds in the middle of Long Island will be moving to the |
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| The Gulf Stream is an example of a |
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| What is the maximum tilt angle of the Earth with respect to the ecliptic? |
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| Waves move _______ across ocean basins. |
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| What is the restoring force for large wind waves? |
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| Tsunami can be generated by |
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Definition
| displacement of water above shifted seafloor |
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| If a wave train have a wavelength of 14 m, the waves will begin to break when their height exceeds _____m |
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Definition
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| rogue waves are usually caused by |
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Definition
| constructive interference |
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| A wave train approaching a beach with a period of 10 seconds will have a frequency of ___/hour. |
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| what is the ultimate source of energy used by most organisms on Earth? |
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| how often do spring tides occur? |
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| a coastal location with 2 high tides each day, both with the same height, is experiencing |
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| photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms are also called |
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| a _____ is a group of organisms of the same species occupying a specific area |
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| beaches can be characterized by ______, _________ &_________. |
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Definition
| particle size, wave action & abration |
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| What percentage of the World's population lives within 60 km of the coast? |
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| What is the average salinity of the ocean? |
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| convection occurs within the Earths |
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| food webs in hydrothermal vent communities are dependent on |
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| Sea level is rising in Southern England and falling in Northern Scotland illustrates the principle of |
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| When oceanic plates converge, what geologic feature is most likely to occur? |
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| the smallest reservoirs for water on Earth are |
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| the invention of John Harrison's chronometer gave ocean explorers the ability to first accurately determine |
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| Satellite altimetry is dependent on ________ to determine seabed topography |
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| An example of transform boundary |
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| Which geological feature is most directly the result of diverging tectonic plates? |
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| Benjamin Franklin and his whaling-captain cousin Tim Folger were the first to accurately chart |
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| The first voyage designed designed solely to collect oceanographic data was the |
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| For marine sediment to be classified as biogenious ooze, it must contain at least ____% biogenic sediment |
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| The ________ of magnetite particles can tell us the latitude at which a rock was formed |
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| oceanic crust is composed primarily of |
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| continental crust is composed |
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| What is the depth and location of the deepest point in the Ocean |
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| The ______ defeated the _______ in 1588 and went on to lead the early scientific exploration of the oceans |
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| On a hot sunny day, beach sand will heat up much faster than a puddle of water. This phenomenon is most directly due to which property of water? |
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| examples of resources that can be extracted from hydrogenous marine sediment are |
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Definition
| manganese nodules, metal sulfides, evaporate salts |
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| The bedrock of Florida, the blocks composing the Great Pyramids, and the White Cliffs of Dover are all composed of which kind of marine sediment? |
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| Hurricanes are classified by |
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| hold water molecules to one another |
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| can contribute to siliceous ooze |
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| For people living directly on the shoreline, the greatest threat from hurricanes is typically |
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| All of the following are required for hurricane formation |
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Definition
| warm moist air, sea surface temperatures of >26 degrees C & the Coriolis Effect |
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| What is the change in temperature (degrees C) as water changes state between liquid and vapor? |
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| Shallow-dwelling algea appears green in natural light because |
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Definition
| the plant's pigments absorb all wavelengths except green |
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| The remains of ________ contain oil droplets and are thought to be the largest contributor to the formation of oil and gas deposits in the seabed |
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| Lithogenous sediments are derived from |
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| Penguins within the Antarctic circle receive 24 hours of daylight |
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| _________ can be determined using conductivity or a refractometer |
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Definition
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| marine sediments formed by precipitation from seawater |
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Definition
| manganese nodules, evaporates, oolite sand |
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| The Principle of Constant Proportions refers to |
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Definition
| our ability to measure seawater salinity using the concentration of only one constituent |
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| When is the Vernal Equinox |
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Definition
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Term
| in which oceanic are would we most likely find calcareous ooze? |
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Definition
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Definition
| seasonal changes in wind direction |
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| Where did the water in the Ocean com from? |
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Definition
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| water reaches its highest density at |
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Definition
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| which substance has the highest heat capacity? |
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Definition
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| Over the past hundred years the death toll from hurricanes has generally |
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Definition
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| Over the past hundred years the property damage from hurricanes has generally |
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Definition
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Term
| all else being equal, moist air is ________ dense than dry air |
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Definition
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Term
| Due to the differential heating capacity of land and water, morning (~8 am) coastal breezes usually blow from |
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Definition
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| The equator is an area of ______ pressure that is typically _________ |
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Definition
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| Coccolithophores are plants composed of |
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Definition
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| Generally with increasing ocean depth |
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Definition
Temperature decreases
salinity increases
density increases |
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| In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes rotate |
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Definition
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| Sound moves more ________ in water than in air |
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Definition
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Term
| on the surface of the Earth there is a high pressure zone |
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Definition
| directly below where Hadley and Ferrel cells meet |
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| on the surface of the Earth winds move in a counter clockwise direction around a high pressure zone in |
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Definition
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| on the surface of the Earth the highest amount of solar radiation/unit area occurs |
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Definition
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Term
| the Coriolos Force is most pronounced when objects move long distances across lines of |
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Definition
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Term
| which has higher heat, a candle flame or a swimming pool full of warm water? |
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Definition
| a pool of warm water because there is more kinetic energy |
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Definition
| a small, rounded, glassy component of cosmogenous sediments, usually less than 1.5 millimeters in length, thought to have formed from the impact of an asteroid or meteor on the crust of the Earth or the moon |
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Term
| locations with 2 high tides each day, each with similar heights have a |
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Definition
| semidiurnal tidal pattern |
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| ocean waves transport ________ over great distances |
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Definition
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Term
| during the winter, large volumes of sand are often moved from the foreshore to _______ on temperate beaches |
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Definition
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| most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as |
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| What type of geologic feature are you currently sitting above? |
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| Most surface waves in the ocean are caused by |
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Definition
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| capillary waves restoring force is |
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| The time it takes for two crests to pass a stationary point refers to the |
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| While spawning, grunions in California take advantage of |
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Definition
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| the production of food from inorganic molecules in the environment. No solar energy is required |
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| wind generated waves begin as |
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| most primary productivity in the ocean occurs in the |
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| waves that break directly on shore are |
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Definition
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| The Nile River Delta has a smooth shoreline. It is classified as a |
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Definition
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| which type of wave is most hazardous to container ships in the open ocean? |
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Definition
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| The Hudson River is an example of a salt wedge estuary. This means that |
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Definition
| river output is much higher than the marine input |
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Term
| longer wavelength waves that travel farther and outdistance other waves formed from an ocean storm are referred to as |
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Definition
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| Where do the World's largest tides occur? |
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Definition
| Bay of Fundy, New Brunswick |
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| Cold core rings spinning off the Gulf Stream will |
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Definition
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| warming of the Ocean will cause a |
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Definition
| eustatic change in sea level |
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| in most food webs, how much energy (in the form of carbon) is usually transferred from a lower to higher trophic level? |
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Definition
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| where do internal waves occur? |
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Definition
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| in most trophic pyramids, successively lower trophic levels have |
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Definition
| individuals with a faster generation time |
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Term
| In the Northern Hemisphere, when a wind blows across the surface of the ocean for a sustained period, the net transport of all water affected by that wind is |
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Definition
| 90 degrees to the right of the wind |
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Term
| Which surface current transports water across all lines of longitude? |
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Definition
| Antarctic Circumpolar Current |
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